package scala
package reflect
package internal

import Flags._
import util._
import scala.collection.mutable.ListBuffer

abstract class TreeGen {
  val global: SymbolTable

  import global._
  import definitions._

  def rootId(name: Name)             = Select(Ident(nme.ROOTPKG), name)
  def rootScalaDot(name: Name)       = Select(rootId(nme.scala_) setSymbol ScalaPackage, name)
  def scalaDot(name: Name)           = Select(Ident(nme.scala_) setSymbol ScalaPackage, name)
  def scalaAnnotationDot(name: Name) = Select(scalaDot(nme.annotation), name)
  def scalaAnyRefConstr              = scalaDot(tpnme.AnyRef) // used in ide

  def scalaFunctionConstr(argtpes: List[Tree], restpe: Tree, abstractFun: Boolean = false): Tree = {
    val cls = if (abstractFun)
      mkAttributedRef(AbstractFunctionClass(argtpes.length))
    else
      mkAttributedRef(FunctionClass(argtpes.length))
    AppliedTypeTree(cls, argtpes :+ restpe)
  }

  /** A creator for method calls, e.g. fn[T1, T2, ...](v1, v2, ...)
   *  There are a number of variations.
   *
   *  @param    receiver    symbol of the method receiver
   *  @param    methodName  name of the method to call
   *  @param    targs       type arguments (if Nil, no TypeApply node will be generated)
   *  @param    args        value arguments
   *  @return               the newly created trees.
   */
  def mkMethodCall(receiver: Symbol, methodName: Name, targs: List[Type], args: List[Tree]): Tree =
    mkMethodCall(Select(mkAttributedRef(receiver), methodName), targs, args)
  def mkMethodCall(method: Symbol, targs: List[Type], args: List[Tree]): Tree =
    mkMethodCall(mkAttributedRef(method), targs, args)
  def mkMethodCall(method: Symbol, args: List[Tree]): Tree =
    mkMethodCall(method, Nil, args)
  def mkMethodCall(target: Tree, args: List[Tree]): Tree =
    mkMethodCall(target, Nil, args)
  def mkMethodCall(receiver: Symbol, methodName: Name, args: List[Tree]): Tree =
    mkMethodCall(receiver, methodName, Nil, args)
  def mkMethodCall(receiver: Tree, method: Symbol, targs: List[Type], args: List[Tree]): Tree =
    mkMethodCall(Select(receiver, method), targs, args)

  def mkMethodCall(target: Tree, targs: List[Type], args: List[Tree]): Tree =
    Apply(mkTypeApply(target, mapList(targs)(TypeTree)), args)

  def mkNullaryCall(method: Symbol, targs: List[Type]): Tree =
    mkTypeApply(mkAttributedRef(method), mapList(targs)(TypeTree))

  /** Builds a reference to value whose type is given stable prefix.
   *  The type must be suitable for this.  For example, it
   *  must not be a TypeRef pointing to an abstract type variable.
   */
  def mkAttributedQualifier(tpe: Type): Tree =
    mkAttributedQualifier(tpe, NoSymbol)

  /** Builds a reference to value whose type is given stable prefix.
   *  If the type is unsuitable, e.g. it is a TypeRef for an
   *  abstract type variable, then an Ident will be made using
   *  termSym as the Ident's symbol.  In that case, termSym must
   *  not be NoSymbol.
   */
  def mkAttributedQualifier(tpe: Type, termSym: Symbol): Tree = {
    def failMessage = "mkAttributedQualifier(" + tpe + ", " + termSym + ")"
    tpe match {
      case NoPrefix =>
        EmptyTree
      case ThisType(clazz) =>
        if (clazz.isEffectiveRoot) EmptyTree
        else mkAttributedThis(clazz)
      case SingleType(pre, sym) =>
        mkApplyIfNeeded(mkAttributedStableRef(pre, sym))
      case TypeRef(pre, sym, args) =>
        if (sym.isRoot) {
          mkAttributedThis(sym)
        } else if (sym.isModuleClass) {
          mkApplyIfNeeded(mkAttributedRef(pre, sym.sourceModule))
        } else if (sym.isModule || sym.isClass) {
          assert(phase.erasedTypes, failMessage)
          mkAttributedThis(sym)
        } else if (sym.isType) {
          assert(termSym != NoSymbol, failMessage)
          mkAttributedIdent(termSym) setType tpe
        } else {
          mkAttributedRef(pre, sym)
        }

      case ConstantType(value) =>
        Literal(value) setType tpe

      case AnnotatedType(_, atp) =>
        mkAttributedQualifier(atp)

      case RefinedType(parents, _) =>
        // I am unclear whether this is reachable, but
        // the following implementation looks logical -Lex
        val firstStable = parents.find(_.isStable)
        assert(!firstStable.isEmpty, failMessage + " parents = " + parents)
        mkAttributedQualifier(firstStable.get)

      case _ =>
        abort("bad qualifier received: " + failMessage)
    }
  }
  /** If this is a reference to a method with an empty
   *  parameter list, wrap it in an apply.
   */
  def mkApplyIfNeeded(qual: Tree) = qual.tpe match {
    case MethodType(Nil, restpe) => atPos(qual.pos)(Apply(qual, Nil) setType restpe)
    case _                       => qual
  }



  //          val selType = testedBinder.info
  //
  //          // See the test for scala/bug#7214 for motivation for dealias. Later `treeCondStrategy#outerTest`
  //          // generates an outer test based on `patType.prefix` with automatically dealiases.
  //          // Prefixes can have all kinds of shapes scala/bug#9110
  //          val patPre = expectedTp.dealiasWiden.prefix
  //          val selPre = selType.dealiasWiden.prefix
  //
  //          // Optimization: which prefixes can we disqualify from the need for an outer reference check?
  //          //   - classes in static owners do not get outer pointers
  //          //   - if the prefixes are statically known to be equal, the type system ensures an outer test is redundant
  //          !((patPre eq NoPrefix) || (selPre eq NoPrefix)
  //            || patPre.typeSymbol.isPackageClass
  //            || selPre =:= patPre)

  def mkAttributedQualifierIfPossible(prefix: Type): Option[Tree] = prefix match {
    case NoType | NoPrefix | ErrorType => None
    case TypeRef(_, sym, _) if sym.isModule || sym.isClass || sym.isType => None
    case pre => Some(mkAttributedQualifier(prefix))
  }


  /** Builds a reference to given symbol with given stable prefix. */
  def mkAttributedRef(pre: Type, sym: Symbol): RefTree = {
    val qual = mkAttributedQualifier(pre)
    qual match {
      case EmptyTree                                  => mkAttributedIdent(sym)
      case This(clazz) if qual.symbol.isEffectiveRoot => mkAttributedIdent(sym)
      case _                                          => mkAttributedSelect(qual, sym)
    }
  }

  /** Builds a reference to given symbol. */
  def mkAttributedRef(sym: Symbol): RefTree =
    if (sym.owner.isStaticOwner) {
      if (sym.owner.isRoot)
        mkAttributedIdent(sym)
      else {
        val ownerModule = sym.owner.sourceModule
        assert(ownerModule != NoSymbol, sym.owner)
        mkAttributedSelect(mkAttributedRef(sym.owner.sourceModule), sym)
      }
    }
    else if (sym.owner.isClass) mkAttributedRef(sym.owner.thisType, sym)
    else mkAttributedIdent(sym)

  def mkUnattributedRef(sym: Symbol): RefTree = mkUnattributedRef(sym.fullNameAsName('.'))

  def mkUnattributedRef(fullName: Name): RefTree = {
    val hd :: tl = nme.segments(fullName.toString, assumeTerm = fullName.isTermName)
    tl.foldLeft(Ident(hd): RefTree)(Select(_,_))
  }

  /** Replaces tree type with a stable type if possible */
  def stabilize(tree: Tree): Tree = stableTypeFor(tree) match {
    case NoType => tree
    case tp     => tree setType tp
  }

  /** Computes stable type for a tree if possible */
  def stableTypeFor(tree: Tree): Type = (
    if (!treeInfo.admitsTypeSelection(tree)) NoType
    else tree match {
      case This(_)         => ThisType(tree.symbol)
      case Ident(_)        => singleType(tree.symbol.owner.thisType, tree.symbol)
      case Select(qual, _) => singleType(qual.tpe, tree.symbol)
      case _               => NoType
    }
  )

  /** Builds a reference with stable type to given symbol */
  def mkAttributedStableRef(pre: Type, sym: Symbol): Tree =
    stabilize(mkAttributedRef(pre, sym))

  def mkAttributedStableRef(sym: Symbol): Tree =
    stabilize(mkAttributedRef(sym))

  def mkAttributedThis(sym: Symbol): This =
    This(sym.name.toTypeName) setSymbol sym setType sym.thisType

  def mkAttributedIdent(sym: Symbol): RefTree =
    Ident(sym.name) setSymbol sym setType sym.tpeHK

  def mkAttributedSelect(qual: Tree, sym: Symbol): RefTree = {
    // Tests involving the repl fail without the .isEmptyPackage condition.
    if (qual.symbol != null && (qual.symbol.isEffectiveRoot || qual.symbol.isEmptyPackage))
      mkAttributedIdent(sym)
    else {
      // Have to recognize anytime a selection is made on a package
      // so it can be rewritten to foo.bar.`package`.name rather than
      // foo.bar.name if name is in the package object.
      // TODO - factor out the common logic between this and
      // the Typers method "isInPackageObject", used in typedIdent.
      val qualsym = (
        if (qual.tpe ne null) qual.tpe.typeSymbol
        else if (qual.symbol ne null) qual.symbol
        else NoSymbol
      )
      val needsPackageQualifier = (
           (sym ne null)
        && qualsym.hasPackageFlag
        && !(sym.isDefinedInPackage || sym.moduleClass.isDefinedInPackage) // scala/bug#7817 work around strangeness in post-flatten `Symbol#owner`
      )
      val pkgQualifier =
        if (needsPackageQualifier) {
          val packageObject = qualsym.packageObject
          Select(qual, nme.PACKAGE) setSymbol packageObject setType packageObject.typeOfThis
        }
        else qual

      val tree = Select(pkgQualifier, sym)
      if (pkgQualifier.tpe == null) tree
      else tree setType {
        if (sym.rawowner == ObjectClass || sym.rawowner == AnyClass) sym.tpeHK.normalize // opt for asInstanceOf
        else (qual.tpe memberType sym)
      }
    }
  }

  /** Builds a type application node if args.nonEmpty, returns fun otherwise. */
  def mkTypeApply(fun: Tree, targs: List[Tree]): Tree =
    if (targs.isEmpty) fun else TypeApply(fun, targs)
  def mkAppliedTypeTree(fun: Tree, targs: List[Tree]): Tree =
    if (targs.isEmpty) fun else AppliedTypeTree(fun, targs)
  def mkAttributedTypeApply(target: Tree, method: Symbol, targs: List[Type]): Tree =
    mkTypeApply(mkAttributedSelect(target, method), targs map TypeTree)

  private def mkSingleTypeApply(value: Tree, tpe: Type, what: Symbol, wrapInApply: Boolean) = {
    val tapp = mkAttributedTypeApply(value, what, tpe.dealias :: Nil)
    if (wrapInApply) Apply(tapp, Nil) else tapp
  }
  private def typeTestSymbol(any: Boolean) = if (any) Any_isInstanceOf else Object_isInstanceOf
  private def typeCastSymbol(any: Boolean) = if (any) Any_asInstanceOf else Object_asInstanceOf

  /** Builds an instance test with given value and type. */
  def mkIsInstanceOf(value: Tree, tpe: Type, any: Boolean = true, wrapInApply: Boolean = true): Tree =
    mkSingleTypeApply(value, tpe, typeTestSymbol(any), wrapInApply)

  /** Builds a cast with given value and type. */
  def mkAsInstanceOf(value: Tree, tpe: Type, any: Boolean = true, wrapInApply: Boolean = true): Tree =
    mkSingleTypeApply(value, tpe, typeCastSymbol(any), wrapInApply)

  /** Cast `tree` to `pt`, unless tpe is a subtype of pt, or pt is Unit.  */
  def maybeMkAsInstanceOf(tree: Tree, pt: Type, tpe: Type, beforeRefChecks: Boolean = false): Tree =
    if ((pt == UnitTpe) || (tpe <:< pt)) tree
    else atPos(tree.pos)(mkAsInstanceOf(tree, pt, any = true, wrapInApply = !beforeRefChecks))

  /** Apparently we smuggle a Type around as a Literal(Constant(tp))
   *  and the implementation of Constant#tpe is such that x.tpe becomes
   *  ClassType(value.asInstanceOf[Type]), i.e. java.lang.Class[Type].
   *  Can't find any docs on how/why it's done this way. See ticket
   *  scala/bug#490 for some interesting comments from lauri alanko suggesting
   *  that the type given by classOf[T] is too strong and should be
   *  weakened so as not to suggest that classOf[List[String]] is any
   *  different from classOf[List[Int]].
   *
   *  !!! See deconstMap in Erasure for one bug this encoding has induced:
   *  I would be very surprised if there aren't more.
   */
  def mkClassOf(tp: Type): Tree =
    Literal(Constant(tp)) setType ConstantType(Constant(tp))

  /** Builds a list with given head and tail. */
  def mkNil: Tree = mkAttributedRef(NilModule)

  /** Builds a tree representing an undefined local, as in
   *    var x: T = _
   *  which is appropriate to the given Type.
   */
  def mkZero(tp: Type): Tree = tp.typeSymbol match {
    case NothingClass => mkMethodCall(Predef_???, Nil) setType NothingTpe
    case _            => Literal(mkConstantZero(tp)) setType tp
  }

  def mkConstantZero(tp: Type): Constant = tp.typeSymbol match {
    case UnitClass    => Constant(())
    case BooleanClass => Constant(false)
    case FloatClass   => Constant(0.0f)
    case DoubleClass  => Constant(0.0d)
    case ByteClass    => Constant(0.toByte)
    case ShortClass   => Constant(0.toShort)
    case IntClass     => Constant(0)
    case LongClass    => Constant(0L)
    case CharClass    => Constant(0.toChar)
    case _            => Constant(null)
  }

  /** Wrap an expression in a named argument. */
  def mkNamedArg(name: Name, tree: Tree): Tree = mkNamedArg(Ident(name), tree)
  def mkNamedArg(lhs: Tree, rhs: Tree): Tree = atPos(rhs.pos)(AssignOrNamedArg(lhs, rhs))

  /** Builds a tuple */
  def mkTuple(elems: List[Tree], flattenUnary: Boolean = true): Tree = elems match {
    case Nil =>
      mkLiteralUnit
    case tree :: Nil if flattenUnary =>
      tree
    case _ =>
      Apply(scalaDot(TupleClass(elems.length).name.toTermName), elems)
  }

  def mkLiteralUnit: Literal = Literal(Constant(()))
  def mkUnitBlock(expr: Tree): Block = Block(List(expr), mkLiteralUnit)

  def mkTupleType(elems: List[Tree], flattenUnary: Boolean = true): Tree = elems match {
    case Nil =>
      scalaDot(tpnme.Unit)
    case List(tree) if flattenUnary =>
      tree
    case _ =>
      AppliedTypeTree(scalaDot(TupleClass(elems.length).name), elems)
  }

  // tree1 AND tree2
  def mkAnd(tree1: Tree, tree2: Tree): Tree =
    Apply(Select(tree1, Boolean_and), List(tree2))

  // tree1 OR tree2
  def mkOr(tree1: Tree, tree2: Tree): Tree =
    Apply(Select(tree1, Boolean_or), List(tree2))

  def mkRuntimeUniverseRef: Tree = {
    assert(ReflectRuntimeUniverse != NoSymbol)
    mkAttributedRef(ReflectRuntimeUniverse) setType singleType(ReflectRuntimeUniverse.owner.thisPrefix, ReflectRuntimeUniverse)
  }

  def mkSeqApply(arg: Tree): Apply = {
    val factory = Select(mkAttributedRef(SeqModule), nme.apply)
    Apply(factory, List(arg))
  }

  def mkSuperInitCall: Select = Select(Super(This(tpnme.EMPTY), tpnme.EMPTY), nme.CONSTRUCTOR)

  /** Generates a template with constructor corresponding to
   *
   *  constrmods (vparams1_) ... (vparams_n) preSuper { presupers }
   *  extends superclass(args_1) ... (args_n) with mixins { self => body }
   *
   *  This gets translated to
   *
   *  extends superclass with mixins { self =>
   *    presupers' // presupers without rhs
   *    vparamss   // abstract fields corresponding to value parameters
   *    def <init>(vparamss) {
   *      presupers
   *      super.<init>(args)
   *    }
   *    body
   *  }
   */
  def mkTemplate(parents: List[Tree], self: ValDef, constrMods: Modifiers,
                 vparamss: List[List[ValDef]], body: List[Tree], superPos: Position = NoPosition): Template = {
    /* Add constructor to template */

    // create parameters for <init> as synthetic trees.
    var vparamss1 = mmap(vparamss) { vd =>
      val param = atPos(vd.pos.makeTransparent) {
        val mods = Modifiers(vd.mods.flags & (IMPLICIT | DEFAULTPARAM | BYNAMEPARAM) | PARAM | PARAMACCESSOR)
        ValDef(mods withAnnotations vd.mods.annotations, vd.name, vd.tpt.duplicate, duplicateAndKeepPositions(vd.rhs))
      }
      param
    }

    val (edefs, rest) = body span treeInfo.isEarlyDef
    val (evdefs, etdefs) = edefs partition treeInfo.isEarlyValDef
    val gvdefs = evdefs map {
      case vdef @ ValDef(_, _, tpt, _) =>
        copyValDef(vdef)(
        // atPos for the new tpt is necessary, since the original tpt might have no position
        // (when missing type annotation for ValDef for example), so even though setOriginal modifies the
        // position of TypeTree, it would still be NoPosition. That's what the author meant.
        tpt = atPos(vdef.pos.focus)(TypeTree() setOriginal tpt setPos tpt.pos.focus),
        rhs = EmptyTree
      )
    }
    val lvdefs = evdefs collect { case vdef: ValDef => copyValDef(vdef)(mods = vdef.mods | PRESUPER) }

    val constr = {
      if (constrMods.isTrait) {
        if (body forall treeInfo.isInterfaceMember) None
        else Some(
          atPos(wrappingPos(superPos, lvdefs)) (
            DefDef(NoMods, nme.MIXIN_CONSTRUCTOR, Nil, ListOfNil, TypeTree(), Block(lvdefs, mkLiteralUnit))))
      }
      else {
        // convert (implicit ... ) to ()(implicit ... ) if it's the only parameter section
        if (vparamss1.isEmpty || !vparamss1.head.isEmpty && vparamss1.head.head.mods.isImplicit)
          vparamss1 = List() :: vparamss1
        val superCall = pendingSuperCall // we can't know in advance which of the parents will end up as a superclass
                                         // this requires knowing which of the parents is a type macro and which is not
                                         // and that's something that cannot be found out before typer
                                         // (the type macros aren't in the trunk yet, but there is a plan for them to land there soon)
                                         // this means that we don't know what will be the arguments of the super call
                                         // therefore here we emit a dummy which gets populated when the template is named and typechecked
        Some(
          atPos(wrappingPos(superPos, lvdefs ::: vparamss1.flatten).makeTransparent) (
            DefDef(constrMods, nme.CONSTRUCTOR, List(), vparamss1, TypeTree(), Block(lvdefs ::: List(superCall), mkLiteralUnit))))
      }
    }
    constr foreach (ensureNonOverlapping(_, parents ::: gvdefs, focus = false))
    // Field definitions for the class - remove defaults.

    val fieldDefs = vparamss.flatten map (vd => {
      val field = copyValDef(vd)(mods = vd.mods &~ DEFAULTPARAM, rhs = EmptyTree)
      // Prevent overlapping of `field` end's position with default argument's start position.
      // This is needed for `Positions.Locator(pos).traverse` to return the correct tree when
      // the `pos` is a point position with all its values equal to `vd.rhs.pos.start`.
      if(field.pos.isRange && vd.rhs.pos.isRange) field.pos = field.pos.withEnd(vd.rhs.pos.start - 1)
      field
    })

    global.Template(parents, self, gvdefs ::: fieldDefs ::: constr ++: etdefs ::: rest)
  }

  def mkParents(ownerMods: Modifiers, parents: List[Tree], parentPos: Position = NoPosition) =
    if (ownerMods.isCase) parents ::: List(scalaDot(tpnme.Product), scalaDot(tpnme.Serializable))
    else if (parents.isEmpty) atPos(parentPos)(scalaAnyRefConstr) :: Nil
    else parents

  def mkClassDef(mods: Modifiers, name: TypeName, tparams: List[TypeDef], templ: Template): ClassDef = {
    val isInterface = mods.isTrait && (templ.body forall treeInfo.isInterfaceMember)
    val mods1 = if (isInterface) (mods | Flags.INTERFACE) else mods
    ClassDef(mods1, name, tparams, templ)
  }

  /** Create positioned tree representing an object creation <new parents { stats }
   *  @param npos  the position of the new
   *  @param cpos  the position of the anonymous class starting with parents
   */
  def mkNew(parents: List[Tree], self: ValDef, stats: List[Tree],
            npos: Position, cpos: Position): Tree =
    if (parents.isEmpty)
      mkNew(List(scalaAnyRefConstr), self, stats, npos, cpos)
    else if (parents.tail.isEmpty && stats.isEmpty) {
      // `Parsers.template` no longer differentiates tpts and their argss
      // e.g. `C()` will be represented as a single tree Apply(Ident(C), Nil)
      // instead of parents = Ident(C), argss = Nil as before
      // this change works great for things that are actually templates
      // but in this degenerate case we need to perform postprocessing
      val app = treeInfo.dissectApplied(parents.head)
      atPos(npos union cpos) { New(app.callee, app.argss) }
    } else {
      val x = tpnme.ANON_CLASS_NAME
      atPos(npos union cpos) {
        Block(
          List(
            atPos(cpos) {
              ClassDef(
                Modifiers(FINAL), x, Nil,
                mkTemplate(parents, self, NoMods, ListOfNil, stats, cpos.focus))
            }),
          atPos(npos) {
            New(
              Ident(x) setPos npos.focus,
              Nil)
          }
        )
      }
    }

  /** Create a tree representing the function type (argtpes) => restpe */
  def mkFunctionTypeTree(argtpes: List[Tree], restpe: Tree): Tree =
    AppliedTypeTree(rootScalaDot(newTypeName("Function" + argtpes.length)), argtpes ::: List(restpe))

  /** Create a literal unit tree that is inserted by the compiler but not
   *  written by end user. It's important to distinguish the two so that
   *  quasiquotes can strip synthetic ones away.
   */
  def mkSyntheticUnit() = mkLiteralUnit.updateAttachment(SyntheticUnitAttachment)

  /** Create block of statements `stats`  */
  def mkBlock(stats: List[Tree], doFlatten: Boolean = true): Tree =
    if (stats.isEmpty) mkSyntheticUnit()
    else if (!stats.last.isTerm) Block(stats, mkSyntheticUnit())
    else if (stats.length == 1 && doFlatten) stats.head
    else Block(stats.init, stats.last)

  /** Create a block that wraps multiple statements but don't
   *  do any wrapping if there is just one statement. Used by
   *  quasiquotes, macro c.parse api and toolbox.
   */
  def mkTreeOrBlock(stats: List[Tree]) = stats match {
    case Nil         => EmptyTree
    case head :: Nil => head
    case _           => mkBlock(stats)
  }

  /** Create a tree representing an assignment <lhs = rhs> */
  def mkAssign(lhs: Tree, rhs: Tree): Tree = lhs match {
    case Apply(fn, args) => Apply(atPos(fn.pos)(Select(fn, nme.update)), args :+ rhs)
    case _               => Assign(lhs, rhs)
  }

  def mkPackageObject(defn: ModuleDef, pidPos: Position = NoPosition, pkgPos: Position = NoPosition) = {
    val module = copyModuleDef(defn)(name = nme.PACKAGEkw)
    val pid    = atPos(pidPos)(Ident(defn.name))
    atPos(pkgPos)(PackageDef(pid, module :: Nil))
  }

  // Following objects represent encoding of for loop enumerators
  // into the regular trees. Such representations are used for:
  //
  //   - as intermediate value of enumerators inside of the parser
  //     right before the mkFor desugaring is being called
  //
  //   - as intermediate value of enumerators obtained after
  //     re-sugaring of for loops through build.SyntacticFor
  //     and build.SyntacticForYield (which are used by quasiquotes)
  //
  // The encoding uses regular trees with ForAttachment that helps
  // to reliably differentiate them from normal trees that can have
  // similar shape. fq"$pat <- $rhs" for example is represented in
  // the same way as "`<-`($pat, $rhs)"" but with added attachment to
  // the `<-` identifier.
  //
  // The primary rationale behind such representation in favor of
  // simple case classes is a wish to re-use the same representation
  // between quasiquotes and parser without exposing compiler internals.
  // Opaque tree encoding can be changed/adapted at any time without
  // breaking end users code.

  /** Encode/decode fq"$pat <- $rhs" enumerator as q"`<-`($pat, $rhs)" */
  object ValFrom {
    def apply(pat: Tree, rhs: Tree): Tree =
      Apply(Ident(nme.LARROWkw).updateAttachment(ForAttachment),
        List(pat, rhs))

    def unapply(tree: Tree): Option[(Tree, Tree)] = tree match {
      case Apply(id @ Ident(nme.LARROWkw), List(pat, rhs))
        if id.hasAttachment[ForAttachment.type] =>
        Some((pat, rhs))
      case _ => None
    }
  }

  /** Encode/decode fq"$pat = $rhs" enumerator as q"$pat = $rhs" */
  object ValEq {
    def apply(pat: Tree, rhs: Tree): Tree =
      Assign(pat, rhs).updateAttachment(ForAttachment)

    def unapply(tree: Tree): Option[(Tree, Tree)] = tree match {
      case Assign(pat, rhs)
        if tree.hasAttachment[ForAttachment.type] =>
        Some((pat, rhs))
      case _ => None
    }
  }

  /** Encode/decode fq"if $cond" enumerator as q"`if`($cond)" */
  object Filter {
    def apply(tree: Tree) =
      Apply(Ident(nme.IFkw).updateAttachment(ForAttachment), List(tree))

    def unapply(tree: Tree): Option[Tree] = tree match {
      case Apply(id @ Ident(nme.IFkw), List(cond))
        if id.hasAttachment[ForAttachment.type] =>
        Some((cond))
      case _ => None
    }
  }

  /** Encode/decode body of for yield loop as q"`yield`($tree)" */
  object Yield {
    def apply(tree: Tree): Tree =
      Apply(Ident(nme.YIELDkw).updateAttachment(ForAttachment), List(tree))

    def unapply(tree: Tree): Option[Tree] = tree match {
      case Apply(id @ Ident(nme.YIELDkw), List(tree))
        if id.hasAttachment[ForAttachment.type] =>
        Some(tree)
      case _  => None
    }
  }

  /** Create tree for for-comprehension <for (enums) do body> or
  *   <for (enums) yield body> where mapName and flatMapName are chosen
  *  corresponding to whether this is a for-do or a for-yield.
  *  The creation performs the following rewrite rules:
  *
  *  1.
  *
  *    for (P <- G) E   ==>   G.foreach (P => E)
  *
  *     Here and in the following (P => E) is interpreted as the function (P => E)
  *     if P is a variable pattern and as the partial function { case P => E } otherwise.
  *
  *  2.
  *
  *    for (P <- G) yield E  ==>  G.map (P => E)
  *
  *  3.
  *
  *    for (P_1 <- G_1; P_2 <- G_2; ...) ...
  *      ==>
  *    G_1.flatMap (P_1 => for (P_2 <- G_2; ...) ...)
  *
  *  4.
  *
  *    for (P <- G; E; ...) ...
  *      =>
  *    for (P <- G.filter (P => E); ...) ...
  *
  *  5. For N < MaxTupleArity:
  *
  *    for (P_1 <- G; P_2 = E_2; val P_N = E_N; ...)
  *      ==>
  *    for (TupleN(P_1, P_2, ... P_N) <-
  *      for (x_1 @ P_1 <- G) yield {
  *        val x_2 @ P_2 = E_2
  *        ...
  *        val x_N & P_N = E_N
  *        TupleN(x_1, ..., x_N)
  *      } ...)
  *
  *    If any of the P_i are variable patterns, the corresponding `x_i @ P_i` is not generated
  *    and the variable constituting P_i is used instead of x_i
  *
  *  @param enums        The enumerators in the for expression
  *  @param sugarBody    The body of the for expression
  *  @param fresh        A source of new names
  */
  def mkFor(enums: List[Tree], sugarBody: Tree)(implicit fresh: FreshNameCreator): Tree = {
    val (mapName, flatMapName, body) = sugarBody match {
      case Yield(tree) => (nme.map, nme.flatMap, tree)
      case _           => (nme.foreach, nme.foreach, sugarBody)
    }

    /* make a closure pat => body.
     * The closure is assigned a transparent position with the point at pos.point and
     * the limits given by pat and body.
     */
    def makeClosure(pos: Position, pat: Tree, body: Tree): Tree = {
      def wrapped  = wrappingPos(List(pat, body))
      def splitpos = (if (pos != NoPosition) wrapped.withPoint(pos.point) else pos).makeTransparent
      matchVarPattern(pat) match {
        case Some((name, tpt)) =>
          Function(
            List(atPos(pat.pos) { ValDef(Modifiers(PARAM), name.toTermName, tpt, EmptyTree) }),
            body) setPos splitpos
        case None =>
          atPos(splitpos) {
            mkVisitor(List(CaseDef(pat, EmptyTree, body)), checkExhaustive = false)
          }
      }
    }

    /* Make an application  qual.meth(pat => body) positioned at `pos`.
     */
    def makeCombination(pos: Position, meth: TermName, qual: Tree, pat: Tree, body: Tree): Tree =
      // ForAttachment on the method selection is used to differentiate
      // result of for desugaring from a regular method call
      Apply(Select(qual, meth) setPos qual.pos updateAttachment ForAttachment,
        List(makeClosure(pos, pat, body))) setPos pos

    /* If `pat` is not yet a `Bind` wrap it in one with a fresh name */
    def makeBind(pat: Tree): Tree = pat match {
      case Bind(_, _) => pat
      case _ => Bind(freshTermName(), pat) setPos pat.pos
    }

    /* A reference to the name bound in Bind `pat`. */
    def makeValue(pat: Tree): Tree = pat match {
      case Bind(name, _) => Ident(name) setPos pat.pos.focus
    }

    /* The position of the closure that starts with generator at position `genpos`. */
    def closurePos(genpos: Position) =
      if (genpos == NoPosition) NoPosition
      else {
        val end = body.pos match {
          case NoPosition => genpos.point
          case bodypos => bodypos.end
        }
        rangePos(genpos.source, genpos.start, genpos.point, end)
      }

    enums match {
      case (t @ ValFrom(pat, rhs)) :: Nil =>
        makeCombination(closurePos(t.pos), mapName, rhs, pat, body)
      case (t @ ValFrom(pat, rhs)) :: (rest @ (ValFrom(_, _) :: _)) =>
        makeCombination(closurePos(t.pos), flatMapName, rhs, pat,
                        mkFor(rest, sugarBody))
      case (t @ ValFrom(pat, rhs)) :: Filter(test) :: rest =>
        mkFor(ValFrom(pat, makeCombination(rhs.pos union test.pos, nme.withFilter, rhs, pat.duplicate, test)).setPos(t.pos) :: rest, sugarBody)
      case (t @ ValFrom(pat, rhs)) :: rest =>
        val valeqs = rest.take(definitions.MaxTupleArity - 1).takeWhile { ValEq.unapply(_).nonEmpty }
        assert(!valeqs.isEmpty)
        val rest1 = rest.drop(valeqs.length)
        val pats = valeqs map { case ValEq(pat, _) => pat }
        val rhss = valeqs map { case ValEq(_, rhs) => rhs }
        val defpat1 = makeBind(pat)
        val defpats = pats map makeBind
        val pdefs = (defpats, rhss).zipped flatMap mkPatDef
        val ids = (defpat1 :: defpats) map makeValue
        val rhs1 = mkFor(
          List(ValFrom(defpat1, rhs).setPos(t.pos)),
          Yield(Block(pdefs, atPos(wrappingPos(ids)) { mkTuple(ids) }) setPos wrappingPos(pdefs)))
        val allpats = (pat :: pats) map (_.duplicate)
        val pos1 =
          if (t.pos == NoPosition) NoPosition
          else rangePos(t.pos.source, t.pos.start, t.pos.point, rhs1.pos.end)
        val vfrom1 = ValFrom(atPos(wrappingPos(allpats)) { mkTuple(allpats) }, rhs1).setPos(pos1)
        mkFor(vfrom1 :: rest1, sugarBody)
      case _ =>
        EmptyTree //may happen for erroneous input

    }
  }

  /** Create tree for pattern definition <val pat0 = rhs> */
  def mkPatDef(pat: Tree, rhs: Tree)(implicit fresh: FreshNameCreator): List[ValDef] =
    mkPatDef(Modifiers(0), pat, rhs)

  private def propagateAtBoundAttachment(from: Tree, to: ValDef): to.type =
    if (isPatVarWarnable && from.hasAttachment[AtBoundIdentifierAttachment.type]) to.updateAttachment(AtBoundIdentifierAttachment)
    else to

  // Keep marker for `x@_`, add marker for `val C(x) = ???` to distinguish from ordinary `val x = ???`.
  private def propagatePatVarDefAttachments(from: Tree, to: ValDef): to.type =
    propagateAtBoundAttachment(from, to).updateAttachment(PatVarDefAttachment)

  /** Create tree for pattern definition <mods val pat0 = rhs> */
  def mkPatDef(mods: Modifiers, pat: Tree, rhs: Tree)(implicit fresh: FreshNameCreator): List[ValDef] = matchVarPattern(pat) match {
    case Some((name, tpt)) =>
      List(atPos(pat.pos union rhs.pos) {
        propagateAtBoundAttachment(pat, ValDef(mods, name.toTermName, tpt, rhs))
      })

    case None =>
      //  in case there is exactly one variable x_1 in pattern
      //  val/var p = e  ==>  val/var x_1 = e.match (case p => (x_1))
      //
      //  in case there are zero or more than one variables in pattern
      //  val/var p = e  ==>  private synthetic val t$ = e.match (case p => (x_1, ..., x_N))
      //                  val/var x_1 = t$._1
      //                  ...
      //                  val/var x_N = t$._N

      val rhsUnchecked = mkUnchecked(rhs)

      // TODO: clean this up -- there is too much information packed into mkPatDef's `pat` argument
      // when it's a simple identifier (case Some((name, tpt)) -- above),
      // pat should have the type ascription that was specified by the user
      // however, in `case None` (here), we must be careful not to generate illegal pattern trees (such as `(a, b): Tuple2[Int, String]`)
      // i.e., this must hold: pat1 match { case Typed(expr, tp) => assert(expr.isInstanceOf[Ident]) case _ => }
      // if we encounter such an erroneous pattern, we strip off the type ascription from pat and propagate the type information to rhs
      val (pat1, rhs1) = patvarTransformer.transform(pat) match {
        // move the Typed ascription to the rhs
        case Typed(expr, tpt) if !expr.isInstanceOf[Ident] =>
          val rhsTypedUnchecked =
            if (tpt.isEmpty) rhsUnchecked
            else Typed(rhsUnchecked, tpt) setPos (rhs.pos union tpt.pos)
          (expr, rhsTypedUnchecked)
        case ok =>
          (ok, rhsUnchecked)
      }
      val vars = getVariables(pat1)
      val matchExpr = atPos((pat1.pos union rhs.pos).makeTransparent) {
        Match(
          rhs1,
          List(
            atPos(pat1.pos) {
              CaseDef(pat1, EmptyTree, mkTuple(vars map (_._1) map Ident.apply))
            }
          ))
      }
      vars match {
        case List((vname, tpt, pos, original)) =>
          List(atPos(pat.pos union pos union rhs.pos) {
            propagatePatVarDefAttachments(original, ValDef(mods, vname.toTermName, tpt, matchExpr))
          })
        case _ =>
          val tmp = freshTermName()
          val firstDef =
            atPos(matchExpr.pos) {
              ValDef(Modifiers(PrivateLocal | SYNTHETIC | ARTIFACT | (mods.flags & LAZY)),
                     tmp, TypeTree(), matchExpr)
            }
          var cnt = 0
          val restDefs = for ((vname, tpt, pos, original) <- vars) yield atPos(pos) {
            cnt += 1
            propagatePatVarDefAttachments(original, ValDef(mods, vname.toTermName, tpt, Select(Ident(tmp), TermName("_" + cnt))))
          }
          firstDef :: restDefs
      }
  }

  /** Create tree for for-comprehension generator <val pat0 <- rhs0> */
  def mkGenerator(pos: Position, pat: Tree, valeq: Boolean, rhs: Tree)(implicit fresh: FreshNameCreator): Tree = {
    val pat1 = patvarTransformerForFor.transform(pat)
    if (valeq) ValEq(pat1, rhs).setPos(pos)
    else ValFrom(pat1, mkCheckIfRefutable(pat1, rhs)).setPos(pos)
  }

  def mkCheckIfRefutable(pat: Tree, rhs: Tree)(implicit fresh: FreshNameCreator) =
    if (treeInfo.isVarPatternDeep(pat)) rhs
    else {
      val cases = List(
        CaseDef(pat.duplicate updateAttachment AtBoundIdentifierAttachment, EmptyTree, Literal(Constant(true))),
        CaseDef(Ident(nme.WILDCARD), EmptyTree, Literal(Constant(false)))
      )
      val visitor = mkVisitor(cases, checkExhaustive = false, nme.CHECK_IF_REFUTABLE_STRING)
      atPos(rhs.pos)(Apply(Select(rhs, nme.withFilter), visitor :: Nil))
    }

  /** If tree is a variable pattern, return Some("its name and type").
   *  Otherwise return none */
  private def matchVarPattern(tree: Tree): Option[(Name, Tree)] = {
    def wildType(t: Tree): Option[Tree] = t match {
      case Ident(x) if x.toTermName == nme.WILDCARD             => Some(TypeTree())
      case Typed(Ident(x), tpt) if x.toTermName == nme.WILDCARD => Some(tpt)
      case _                                                    => None
    }
    tree match {
      case Ident(name)             => Some((name, TypeTree()))
      case Bind(name, body)        => wildType(body) map (x => (name, x))
      case Typed(Ident(name), tpt) => Some((name, tpt))
      case _                       => None
    }
  }

  /** Create visitor <x => x match cases> */
  def mkVisitor(cases: List[CaseDef], checkExhaustive: Boolean, prefix: String = "x$")(implicit fresh: FreshNameCreator): Tree = {
    val x   = freshTermName(prefix)
    val id  = Ident(x)
    val sel = if (checkExhaustive) id else mkUnchecked(id)
    Function(List(mkSyntheticParam(x)), Match(sel, cases))
  }

  /** Traverse pattern and collect all variable names with their types in buffer
   *  The variables keep their positions; whereas the pattern is converted to be
   *  synthetic for all nodes that contain a variable position.
   */
  class GetVarTraverser extends Traverser {
    val buf = new ListBuffer[(Name, Tree, Position, Tree)]

    def namePos(tree: Tree, name: Name): Position =
      if (!tree.pos.isRange || name.containsName(nme.raw.DOLLAR)) tree.pos.focus
      else {
        val start = tree.pos.start
        val end = start + name.decode.length
        rangePos(tree.pos.source, start, start, end)
      }

    override def traverse(tree: Tree): Unit = {
      def seenName(name: Name)     = buf exists (_._1 == name)
      def add(name: Name, t: Tree) = if (!seenName(name)) buf += ((name, t, namePos(tree, name), tree))
      val bl = buf.length

      tree match {
        case Bind(nme.WILDCARD, _)          =>
          super.traverse(tree)

        case Bind(name, Typed(tree1, tpt))  =>
          val newTree = if (treeInfo.mayBeTypePat(tpt)) TypeTree() else tpt.duplicate
          add(name, newTree)
          traverse(tree1)

        case Bind(name, tree1)              =>
          // can assume only name range as position, as otherwise might overlap
          // with binds embedded in pattern tree1
          add(name, TypeTree())
          traverse(tree1)

        case _ =>
          super.traverse(tree)
      }
      if (buf.length > bl)
        tree setPos tree.pos.makeTransparent
    }
    def apply(tree: Tree) = {
      traverse(tree)
      buf.toList
    }
  }

  /** Returns list of all pattern variables, possibly with their types,
   *  without duplicates, plus position and original tree.
   */
  private def getVariables(tree: Tree): List[(Name, Tree, Position, Tree)] = (new GetVarTraverser)(tree)

  /** Convert all occurrences of (lower-case) variables in a pattern as follows:
   *    x                  becomes      x @ _
   *    x: T               becomes      x @ (_: T)
   */
  class PatvarTransformer(forFor: Boolean) extends Transformer {
    override def transform(tree: Tree): Tree = tree match {
      case Ident(name) if treeInfo.isVarPattern(tree) && name != nme.WILDCARD =>
        atPos(tree.pos) {
          val b = Bind(name, atPos(tree.pos.focus) (Ident(nme.WILDCARD)))
          if (forFor && isPatVarWarnable) b updateAttachment AtBoundIdentifierAttachment
          else b
        }
      case Typed(id @ Ident(name), tpt) if treeInfo.isVarPattern(id) && name != nme.WILDCARD =>
        atPos(tree.pos.withPoint(id.pos.point)) {
          Bind(name, atPos(tree.pos.withStart(tree.pos.point)) {
            Typed(Ident(nme.WILDCARD), tpt)
          })
        }
      case Apply(fn @ Apply(_, _), args) =>
        treeCopy.Apply(tree, transform(fn), transformTrees(args))
      case Apply(fn, args) =>
        treeCopy.Apply(tree, fn, transformTrees(args))
      case Typed(expr, tpt) =>
        treeCopy.Typed(tree, transform(expr), tpt)
      case Bind(name, body) =>
        treeCopy.Bind(tree, name, transform(body))
      case Alternative(_) | Star(_) =>
        super.transform(tree)
      case _ =>
        tree
    }
  }

  /** Can be overridden to depend on settings.warnUnusedPatvars. */
  def isPatVarWarnable: Boolean = true

  /** Not in for comprehensions, whether to warn unused pat vars depends on flag. */
  object patvarTransformer       extends PatvarTransformer(forFor = false)

  /** Tag pat vars in for comprehensions. */
  object patvarTransformerForFor extends PatvarTransformer(forFor = true)

  // annotate the expression with @unchecked
  def mkUnchecked(expr: Tree): Tree = atPos(expr.pos) {
    // This can't be "Annotated(New(UncheckedClass), expr)" because annotations
    // are very picky about things and it crashes the compiler with "unexpected new".
    Annotated(New(scalaDot(tpnme.unchecked), Nil), expr)
  }

  def mkSyntheticParam(pname: TermName) =
    ValDef(Modifiers(PARAM | SYNTHETIC), pname, TypeTree(), EmptyTree)

  def mkCast(tree: Tree, pt: Type): Tree =
    atPos(tree.pos)(mkAsInstanceOf(tree, pt, any = true, wrapInApply = false))
}
