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Quark matter nucleation in neutron stars and astrophysical implications

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Abstract.

A phase of strong interacting matter with deconfined quarks is expected in the core of massive neutron stars. We investigate the quark deconfinement phase transition in cold ( \( T=0\) and hot \( \beta\) -stable hadronic matter. Assuming a first order phase transition, we calculate and compare the nucleation rate and the nucleation time due to quantum and thermal nucleation mechanisms. We show that above a threshold value of the central pressure a pure hadronic star (HS) (i.e. a compact star with no fraction of deconfined quark matter) is metastable to the conversion to a quark star (QS) (i.e. a hybrid star or a strange star). This process liberates an enormous amount of energy, of the order of 1053erg, which causes a powerful neutrino burst, likely accompanied by intense gravitational waves emission, and possibly by a second delayed (with respect to the supernova explosion forming the HS) explosion which could be the energy source of a powerful gamma-ray burst (GRB). This stellar conversion process populates the QS branch of compact stars, thus one has in the Universe two coexisting families of compact stars: pure hadronic stars and quark stars. We introduce the concept of critical mass \( M_{cr}\) for cold HSs and proto-hadronic stars (PHSs), and the concept of limiting conversion temperature for PHSs. We show that PHSs with a mass \( M < M_{cr}\) could survive the early stages of their evolution without decaying to QSs. Finally, we discuss the possible evolutionary paths of proto-hadronic stars.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dipartimento di Fisica “E. Fermi”, Università di Pisa, Largo B. Pontecorvo, 3, I-56127, Pisa, Italy

    Ignazio Bombaci

  2. INFN, Largo B. Pontecorvo, 3, I-56127, Pisa, Italy

    Ignazio Bombaci & Domenico Logoteta

  3. European Gravitational Observatory, Via E. Amaldi, I-56021, Cascina, Italy

    Ignazio Bombaci

  4. CFisUC, Department of Physics, University of Coimbra, PT-3004-516, Coimbra, Portugal

    Isaac Vidaña & Constança Providência

Authors
  1. Ignazio Bombaci
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  2. Domenico Logoteta
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  3. Isaac Vidaña
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  4. Constança Providência
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Correspondence to Ignazio Bombaci.

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Communicated by D. Blaschke

Contribution to the Topical Issue on “Exotic matter in neutron stars” edited by David Blaschke, J¨urgen Schaffner-Bielich, Hans-Josef Schulze.

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Bombaci, I., Logoteta, D., Vidaña, I. et al. Quark matter nucleation in neutron stars and astrophysical implications. Eur. Phys. J. A 52, 58 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/i2016-16058-5

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