Synergizing advances in artificial intelligence with mathematical modeling will improve our ability to computationally predict immunotherapy outcomes.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Access Nature and 54 other Nature Portfolio journals
Get Nature+, our best-value online-access subscription
$32.99 / 30 days
cancel any time
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 12 print issues and online access
$209.00 per year
only $17.42 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on SpringerLink
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
References
Katsoulakis, E. et al. Digit. Med. 7, 77 (2024).
Davis-Marcisak, E. F. et al. Cancer Cell 39, 1062–1080 (2021).
Haldar, S. D. et al. Cancer Prev. Res. (Phila.) 16, 483–495 (2023).
Yang, Z. et al. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. 8, 115 (2023).
Kostelich, E. J. et al. Biol. Direct 6, 64 (2011).
Stein-O’Brien, G. L. et al. Cancer Discov. 13, 1053–1057 (2023).
Leek, J. et al. Nat. Rev. Genet. 11, 733–739 (2010).
Heil, B. J. et al. Nat. Methods 18, 1132–1135 (2021).
Way, G. P. et al. PLoS Biol. 19, e3001419 (2021).
Cross, J. L. et al. PLOS Digit. Health 3, e0000651 (2024).
Nat. Methods 21, 1365–1366 (2024).
Lee, B. D. et al. PLOS Comput. Biol. 18, e1009803 (2022).
Whalen, S. et al. Nat. Rev. Genet. 23, 169–181 (2022).
DeGrave, A. J., Janizek, J. D. & Lee, S. I. Nat. Mach. Intell. 3, 610–619 (2021).
Szeto, G. L. & Finley, S. D. Trends Cancer 7, 400–410 (2019).
Kuznetsov, M., Clairambault, J. & Volpert, V. Phys. Life Rev. 39, 1–48 (2021).
Arulraj, T. et al. Brief. Bioinform. 25, bbae131 (2024).
Metzcar, J. et al. Front. Immunol. 15, 1363144 (2024).
Johnson, J. A. I. et al. Preprint at bioRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.09.17.557982 (2023).
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by US National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Cancer Institute U24CA284156 and NIH training grant T32CA153952.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
E.J.F. has been a paid consultant to Mestag Therapeutics, Viosera Therapeutics/Resistance Bio and Merck, and received funding from Roche/Genetech and AbbVie outside the scope of this work.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bergman, D.R., Fertig, E.J. Virtual cells for predictive immunotherapy. Nat Biotechnol 43, 464–465 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-025-02583-2
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-025-02583-2