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Unravelling the Role of Biomarker in Cancer Detection: An In-Depth Review

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Abstract

Purpose of Review

In healthcare, biomarkers are essential for personalised medicine, prognosis, therapy response, and disease diagnosis. They make it possible for better patient outcomes, early detection, and intervention. They support customised treatment programs, anticipate the progress of diseases, and direct treatment decisions. Different types of cancer biomarkers fordiagnosis, detection processes, challenges, and future perspectives are discussed in this review study. Preclinical studies of cancer biomarkers are also includedin the article with particular attention paid to developments in testing procedures, knowledge of the immune microenvironment, biological characterisation, and tumour profiling.

Recent Findings

A gene, gene product, etc. that is produced during cell division and genetic alteration can be a cancer biomarker. Numerous studies have identified unique biomarkers that allow for the early identification of a variety of cancer types, including colorectal, lung, breast, kidney, pancreatic, and oral malignancies. Examining human biological fluids such as blood, urine, plasma, serum, and tumor cells confirms their existence.Given the needs of point of care, cancer biomarkers have the potential to be utilized in both treatment monitoring and cancer prediction. Recent research has demonstrated that molecular biomarkers provide important information for the early identification of malignancies that could otherwise be difficult to identify. By presenting a comprehensive, interdisciplinary perspective on cancer biomarkers and integrating diagnostic and therapeutic concepts across a number of cancer types, this article stands out from earlier research. This review fills a significant gap by addressing a range of cancer types and addressing biomarkers in numerous biological matrices. Earlier research has often focused on single biomarkers or specific diseases. Most importantly, it considers advances in preclinical science, e.g., the improvements in test processes, biological characterisation, and immune microenvironment assessment. In doing so, this work provides an up-to-date overview that stresses the clinical importance of biomarkers along with their increasing role in the optimisation of clinical trials, precision medicine, and in-the-moment therapeutic decision-making. By using this approach, the study offers a forward-looking viewpoint on enhancing the therapeutic usefulness and repeatability of cancer biomarkers in addition to presenting the existing picture.

Summary

With an emphasis on their application in clinical research, therapeutic development, and patient care, the definitions of biomarkers outlined by the National Institutes of Health and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. By identifying acceptable patients and accelerating approval procedures, biomarkers also improve clinical trials and drug development. In oncology, biomarkers are essential and required to be extensively assessed for screening, differential diagnosis, risk assessment and disease progression surveillance.

Graphical Abstract

Biomarker in cancer detection: an in-depth review

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Data Availability

No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

Abbreviations

KRAS:

Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homologue

EGFR:

Estimated glomerular filtration rate

HER2:

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2

beta-HCG:

Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin

CEA:

Carcinoembryonic antigen

PSA:

Prostate-specific antigen

CA125:

Cancer antigen 125

MUC-1:

Mucin 1

PET:

Positron emission tomography

CT:

Computed Tomography

MRI:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

AFP:

Alpha-fetoprotein

BRCA:

BReastCAncer gene

CSCs:

Cancer stem cells

EBV DNA:

Epstein-Barr virus DNA

2D-PAGE:

Two-Dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

MALDI:

Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization

SELDI:

Surface-Enhanced Laser Desorption/Ionization

BRAF:

v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1

PD-L1:

Programmed Death Ligand 1

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Brainware University, 398, Ramkrishnapur Road, Barasat, Kolkata, 700 125, India

    Piyali Khamkat

  2. Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, NSHM Knowledge Campus, Kolkata Group of Institutions, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700053, India

    Arpan Adak, Soumya Chakraborty, Bhaskar Das, Srija Das & Swarupananda Mukherjee

  3. Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Techno India University, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700091, India

    Dipanjan Karati

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S.W.M. and D.K. designed the concept. P.K., A.A., S.C., B.D., S.D. wrote the manuscript. S.W.M. supervised the work. D.K. edited and drafted the manuscript. All the authors checked and approved the final work.

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Khamkat, P., Adak, A., Chakraborty, S. et al. Unravelling the Role of Biomarker in Cancer Detection: An In-Depth Review. Curr. Pharmacol. Rep. 11, 31 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40495-025-00413-2

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