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Probing the strong gravity region of black holes with eXTP

  • Invited Review
  • Special Issue: Exploration of the Extreme Universe with the eXTP Mission
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Abstract

We present the novel capabilities of the enhanced X-ray Timing and Polarimetry (eXTP) mission to study the strong gravity region around stellar-mass black holes in X-ray binary systems and supermassive black holes in active galactic nuclei. eXTP can combine X-ray spectral, timing, and polarimetric techniques to study the accretion process near black holes, measure black hole masses and spins, and test Einstein’s theory of General Relativity in the strong field regime. We show how eXTP can improve the current measurements of black holes of existing X-ray missions and we discuss the scientific questions that can be addressed.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Astrophysics, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China

    Qingcui Bu

  2. Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Center for Field Theory and Particle Physics, and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China

    Cosimo Bambi, Andrea Santangelo & Abdurakhmon Nosirov

  3. School of Natural Sciences and Humanities, New Uzbekistan University, Tashkent, 100007, Uzbekistan

    Cosimo Bambi

  4. National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China

    Lijun Gou, Chichuan Jin, Haiwu Pan, Yanan Wang, Wenda Zhang, Dongyue Li, Erlin Qiao, Yujia Song & Tong Zhao

  5. Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    Yanjun Xu, Andrea Santangelo, Hua Feng, Shuang-Nan Zhang, Qingcang Shui & Lian Tao

  6. Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, the Netherlands

    Phil Uttley

  7. INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologie Spaziali, Via Fosso del Cavaliere, Rome, 00133, Italy

    Alessandra De Rosa

  8. Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Kepler Center for Astro and Particle Physics, Eberhard Karls Universität, Tübingen, 72076, Germany

    Andrea Santangelo & Honghui Liu

  9. Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey, RH5 6NT, UK

    Silvia Zane

  10. Department of Physics, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China

    Xinwen Shu

  11. Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Universitá degli Studi Roma Tre, Roma, I-00146, Italy

    Francesco Ursini, Stefano Bianchi & Giorgio Matt

  12. Department of Astronomy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China

    Jianfeng Wu

  13. Department of Astronomy, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China

    Bei You

  14. Department of Astronomy, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China

    Yefei Yuan & Yuan Feng

  15. Department of Physics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China

    Lixin Dai

  16. Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Universitá degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, 90123, Italy

    Tiziana Di Salvo

  17. Astronomical Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 14100, Czech Republic

    Michal Dovčiak, Vladimír Karas & Jiří Svoboda

  18. Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200030, China

    Hengxiao Guo & Zhen Yan

  19. School of Mathematics, Statistics, and Physics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK

    Adam Ingram

  20. Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK

    Jiachen Jiang

  21. Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá degli Studi di Milano, Milano, I-20133, Italy

    Guglielmo Masteroserio

  22. Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Merate, (LC)23807, Italy

    Sara Motta

  23. Department of Physics and Institute of Theoretical Physics, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China

    Guobin Mou

  24. Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 201210, China

    Zhen Pan

  25. School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China

    Zhen Pan

  26. School of Physics and Astronomy, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China

    Rongfeng Shen

  27. CSST Science Center for the Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Greater Bay Area, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China

    Rongfeng Shen

  28. School of Astronomy and Space Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    Qingcang Shui, Yujia Song & Tong Zhao

  29. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku, 20014, Finland

    Alexandra Veledina

  30. Nordita, KTH Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-10691, Sweden

    Alexandra Veledina

Authors
  1. Qingcui Bu
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  2. Cosimo Bambi
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  3. Lijun Gou
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  4. Yanjun Xu
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  5. Phil Uttley
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  6. Alessandra De Rosa
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  7. Andrea Santangelo
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  8. Silvia Zane
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  9. Hua Feng
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  10. Shuang-Nan Zhang
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  11. Chichuan Jin
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  12. Haiwu Pan
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  13. Xinwen Shu
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  14. Francesco Ursini
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  15. Yanan Wang
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  16. Jianfeng Wu
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  17. Bei You
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  18. Yefei Yuan
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  19. Wenda Zhang
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  20. Stefano Bianchi
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  21. Lixin Dai
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  22. Tiziana Di Salvo
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  23. Michal Dovčiak
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  24. Yuan Feng
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  25. Hengxiao Guo
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  26. Adam Ingram
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  27. Jiachen Jiang
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  28. Vladimír Karas
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  29. Dongyue Li
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  30. Honghui Liu
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  31. Guglielmo Masteroserio
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  32. Giorgio Matt
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  33. Sara Motta
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  34. Guobin Mou
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  35. Abdurakhmon Nosirov
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  36. Zhen Pan
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  37. Erlin Qiao
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  38. Rongfeng Shen
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  39. Qingcang Shui
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  40. Yujia Song
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  41. Jiří Svoboda
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  42. Lian Tao
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  43. Alexandra Veledina
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  44. Zhen Yan
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  45. Tong Zhao
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Qingcui Bu.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

This work was supported by China’s Space Origins Exploration Program. Shuang-Nan Zhang was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 12333007), the International Partnership Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. 113111KYSB20190020), and the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDA15020100). Alexandra Veledina acknowledges support from the Academy of Finland (Grant No. 355672). Nordita was supported in part by NordForsk.

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Bu, Q., Bambi, C., Gou, L. et al. Probing the strong gravity region of black holes with eXTP. Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron. 68, 119504 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11433-025-2789-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11433-025-2789-2