Showing 1–50 of 262 results for author: Shen, C

Electromagnetic Radiation from Baryon-Rich Matter in Heavy-Ion Collisions

Authors: Xiang-Yu Wu, Charles Gale, Sangyong Jeon, Jean-François Paquet, Björn Schenke, Chun Shen

Abstract: We perform a study of electromagnetic radiation in heavy-ion collisions at Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) Beam Energy Scan (BES) and SPS energies using the iEBE-MUSIC framework, which includes 3D dynamical Monte Carlo Glauber initial conditions, MUSIC (3+1)D viscous relativistic hydrodynamics, and the UrQMD hadronic afterburner. The multistage modeling has been calibrated to hadronic data… ▽ More We perform a study of electromagnetic radiation in heavy-ion collisions at Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) Beam Energy Scan (BES) and SPS energies using the iEBE-MUSIC framework, which includes 3D dynamical Monte Carlo Glauber initial conditions, MUSIC (3+1)D viscous relativistic hydrodynamics, and the UrQMD hadronic afterburner. The multistage modeling has been calibrated to hadronic data at RHIC-BES energies using a Bayesian analysis. Integrating the thermal photon emission rates with the medium evolution, we study the direct photon yield and elliptic flow and how they vary with collision energy and emission source. We compare with results obtained by the STAR and PHENIX Collaborations. We employ next-to-leading order thermal QCD dilepton emission rates to compute dilepton invariant mass spectra and extract the effective temperature of the quark-gluon plasma at different collision energies. △ Less

Submitted 11 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: 18 pages, 14 figures

Impact of QCD Energy Evolution on Observables in Heavy-Ion Collisions

Authors: Heikki Mäntysaari, Björn Schenke, Chun Shen, Wenbin Zhao

Abstract: We study how the inclusion of energy dependence as dictated by quantum chromodynamic (QCD) small-$x$ evolution equations affects key observables in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions. Specifically, we incorporate JIMWLK evolution into the IP-Glasma framework, which serves as the initial condition for a simulation pipeline that includes viscous relativistic hydrodynamics and a hadronic afterbu… ▽ More We study how the inclusion of energy dependence as dictated by quantum chromodynamic (QCD) small-$x$ evolution equations affects key observables in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions. Specifically, we incorporate JIMWLK evolution into the IP-Glasma framework, which serves as the initial condition for a simulation pipeline that includes viscous relativistic hydrodynamics and a hadronic afterburner. This approach enables a consistent modeling of highly energetic nuclei across varying Bjorken-$x$ values, which are relevant for different collision energies and rapidity regions. In comparison to the standard IP-Glasma setup without small-$x$ evolution, we observe pronounced changes in particle multiplicities and spectral distributions, especially in smaller systems and at the highest available energies. We further explore effects on anisotropic flow observables and correlations between mean transverse momentum and elliptic flow. Our findings underscore the critical role of nonlinear QCD evolution in accurately modeling the early stages of heavy-ion collisions, as well as its implications for extracting transport properties of the quark-gluon plasma. △ Less

Submitted 5 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Transport-based initial conditions for heavy-ion collisions at finite densities

Authors: H. Roch, G. Pihan, A. Monnai, S. Ryu, N. Senthilkumar, J. Staudenmaier, H. Elfner, B. Schenke, J. H. Putschke, C. Shen, S. A. Bass, M. Chartier, Y. Chen, R. Datta, R. Dolan, L. Du, R. Ehlers, R. J. Fries, C. Gale, D. A. Hangal, B. V. Jacak, P. M. Jacobs, S. Jeon, Y. Ji, F. Jonas , et al. (31 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We employ the SMASH transport model to provide event-by-event initial conditions for the energy-momentum tensor and conserved charge currents in hydrodynamic simulations of relativistic heavy-ion collisions. We study the fluctuations and dynamical evolution of three conserved charge currents (net baryon, net electric charges, and net strangeness) with a 4D lattice-QCD-based equation of state, NEOS… ▽ More We employ the SMASH transport model to provide event-by-event initial conditions for the energy-momentum tensor and conserved charge currents in hydrodynamic simulations of relativistic heavy-ion collisions. We study the fluctuations and dynamical evolution of three conserved charge currents (net baryon, net electric charges, and net strangeness) with a 4D lattice-QCD-based equation of state, NEOS-4D, in the hydrodynamic phase. Out-of-equilibrium corrections at the particlization are generalized to finite densities to ensure the conservation of energy, momentum, and the three types of charges. These theoretical developments are integrated within X-SCAPE as a unified framework for studying the nuclear matter properties in the Beam Energy Scan program. △ Less

Submitted 8 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: 16 pages, 12 figures

Neutron Skin from Conserved Charge Measurements at Collider Experiments

Authors: Grégoire Pihan, Akihiko Monnai, Björn Schenke, Chun Shen

Abstract: We propose a novel method for measuring the neutron skin of heavy nuclei using collider experiments. Specifically, we demonstrate that the neutron skin thickness of the lead nucleus can be extracted in $p$+$^{208}$Pb collisions by analyzing a double ratio: The ratio of net electric charge to net baryon number measured near the lead-going rapidity, taken for high-multiplicity events and divided by… ▽ More We propose a novel method for measuring the neutron skin of heavy nuclei using collider experiments. Specifically, we demonstrate that the neutron skin thickness of the lead nucleus can be extracted in $p$+$^{208}$Pb collisions by analyzing a double ratio: The ratio of net electric charge to net baryon number measured near the lead-going rapidity, taken for high-multiplicity events and divided by the same ratio for low-multiplicity events. We compute the expected sensitivity of the double ratio to the neutron skin within a comprehensive (3+1)D relativistic hydrodynamic framework that incorporates multiple conserved charge currents and a charge-dependent lattice-QCD-based equation of state. We provide predictions for both $p$+$^{208}$Pb collisions at ${\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=72}$~GeV and $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$~TeV, corresponding to the center of mass energies realized in the SMOG2 fixed-target setup at LHCb and the LHC collider mode, respectively. △ Less

Submitted 27 October, 2025; v1 submitted 25 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: 6 pages, 3 figures

Learning Informed Prior Distributions with Normalizing Flows for Bayesian Analysis

Authors: Hendrik Roch, Chun Shen

Abstract: We investigate the use of normalizing flow (NF) models as flexible priors in Bayesian inference with Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling. Trained on posteriors from previous analyses, these models can be used as informative priors, capturing non-trivial distributions and correlations, in subsequent inference tasks. We compare different training strategies and loss functions, finding that trai… ▽ More We investigate the use of normalizing flow (NF) models as flexible priors in Bayesian inference with Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling. Trained on posteriors from previous analyses, these models can be used as informative priors, capturing non-trivial distributions and correlations, in subsequent inference tasks. We compare different training strategies and loss functions, finding that training based on Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence and unsupervised learning consistently yield the most accurate reproductions of reference distributions. Applied in sequential Bayesian workflows, MCMC with the NF-based priors reproduces the results of one-shot joint inferences well, provided the target distributions are unimodal. In cases with pronounced multi-modality or dataset tension, distortions may arise, underscoring the need for caution in multi-stage Bayesian inference. A comparison between the pocoMC MCMC sampler and the standard emcee sampler further demonstrates the importance of advanced and robust algorithms for exploring the posterior space. Overall, our results establish NF-based priors as a practical and efficient tool for sequential Bayesian inference in high-dimensional parameter spaces. △ Less

Submitted 18 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: 13 pages, 7 figures

Nuclear Suppression in Diffractive Vector Meson Production within the Color Glass Condensate Framework

Authors: Heikki Mäntysaari, Hendrik Roch, Farid Salazar, Björn Schenke, Chun Shen, Wenbin Zhao

Abstract: We extend a recent global Bayesian analysis of diffractive $\mathrm{J}/ψ$ production in $γ+p$ and $γ+\mathrm{Pb}$ collisions within the color glass condensate (CGC) framework to investigate potential modifications of the nucleon structure inside nuclei. To this end, we perform fits that allow the effective nucleon structure parameters in Pb nuclei to differ from those of free protons. This approac… ▽ More We extend a recent global Bayesian analysis of diffractive $\mathrm{J}/ψ$ production in $γ+p$ and $γ+\mathrm{Pb}$ collisions within the color glass condensate (CGC) framework to investigate potential modifications of the nucleon structure inside nuclei. To this end, we perform fits that allow the effective nucleon structure parameters in Pb nuclei to differ from those of free protons. This approach directly addresses the question of whether the proton's spatial gluon distribution at intermediate to large $x$ is modified in the nuclear environment. We compare results obtained with shared and independent nucleon structure parameters and assess the impact on the simultaneous description of $γ+p$ data from HERA and the LHC, as well as $γ+\mathrm{Pb}$ data from the LHC. Our findings show that there is no hint of difference in the nucleon structure beyond those already present in the CGC when embedding nucleons inside a nuclear environment. △ Less

Submitted 16 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: 2nd International Workshop on the physics of Ultra Peripheral Collisions (UPC 2025)

Electromagnetic radiation from Quark-Gluon Plasma at finite baryon density

Authors: Xiang-Yu Wu, Charles Gale, Sangyong Jeon, Jean-François Paquet, Björn Schenke, Chun Shen

Abstract: Using the Bayesian calibrated iEBE-MUSIC framework, we compute the production of electromagnetic radiation from hot hadronic matter at finite baryon density. Results for thermal photon and thermal dilepton yields are obtained by folding in-medium emission rates with posterior-sampled backgrounds evolved hydrodynamically. We consider different photon sources and analyze the collision-energy depende… ▽ More Using the Bayesian calibrated iEBE-MUSIC framework, we compute the production of electromagnetic radiation from hot hadronic matter at finite baryon density. Results for thermal photon and thermal dilepton yields are obtained by folding in-medium emission rates with posterior-sampled backgrounds evolved hydrodynamically. We consider different photon sources and analyze the collision-energy dependence of the thermal-to-prompt photon ratio. The sensitivity of the dilepton spectra to the pre-equilibrium stage is explored by considering different initialization procedures. Finally, we examine the impact on dilepton spectra of choosing parameter sets stemming from different Bayesian data analyses. △ Less

Submitted 3 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: 4 pages, 2 figures, proceedings for Quark Matter 2025 conference

Event-by-event vortex rings in fixed-target p+Ar collisions

Authors: David Chinellato, Michael Lisa, Willian Serenone, Chun Shen, Jun Takahashi, Giorgio Torrieri

Abstract: We present event-by-event simulations for central asymmetric p+Ar collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}} = 68$ GeV to investigate the formation and evolution of vortex-ring structures from the early-stage longitudinal flow velocity profile. Our predictions for their imprints on Lambda hyperon's polarization observables are complementary to those presented in Ref. [Phys.Rev.C 110 (2024) 5, 054908] and… ▽ More We present event-by-event simulations for central asymmetric p+Ar collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}} = 68$ GeV to investigate the formation and evolution of vortex-ring structures from the early-stage longitudinal flow velocity profile. Our predictions for their imprints on Lambda hyperon's polarization observables are complementary to those presented in Ref. [Phys.Rev.C 110 (2024) 5, 054908] and can be explored in the future fixed-target collisions at the Large Hadron Collider beauty (LHCb) experiment. △ Less

Submitted 30 August, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: 4 pages, 2 figures, proceedings for Quark Matter 2025 conference

Testing hydrodynamic response to initial-state geometry in Pb+$d^\uparrow$ collisions

Authors: Heikki Mäntysaari, Björn Schenke, Chun Shen, Wenbin Zhao

Abstract: Deuterons with different polarization states have distinct shapes for their wavefunctions. This offers a unique opportunity to experimentally control the initial-state collision geometry with the polarization of the light-ion targets in relativistic heavy-ion experiments. We study the charged hadron elliptic flow coefficients with respect to the polarization angle of deuterons in Pb + polarized de… ▽ More Deuterons with different polarization states have distinct shapes for their wavefunctions. This offers a unique opportunity to experimentally control the initial-state collision geometry with the polarization of the light-ion targets in relativistic heavy-ion experiments. We study the charged hadron elliptic flow coefficients with respect to the polarization angle of deuterons in Pb + polarized deuteron collisions using a hydrodynamics + hadronic transport model. Hydrodynamic response to initial-state geometry predicts a distinct sign of $v_2$ correlated with the deuteron's polarization states, providing a clean test case for elucidating the collective origin in small collision systems. △ Less

Submitted 22 September, 2025; v1 submitted 30 August, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: 4 pages, 2 figures, proceedings for Quark Matter 2025 conference

Nuclear suppression in diffractive vector meson production within the color glass condensate framework

Authors: Heikki Mäntysaari, Hendrik Roch, Farid Salazar, Björn Schenke, Chun Shen, Wenbin Zhao

Abstract: We perform a global Bayesian analysis of diffractive $\mathrm{J}/ψ$ production in $γ+p$ and $γ+\mathrm{Pb}$ collisions within a Color Glass Condensate based framework. Using data from HERA and the LHC, we find that a simultaneous description of $γ+p$ and $γ+\mathrm{Pb}$ observables is challenging. Introducing a global $K$-factor to account for theoretical uncertainties improves the agreement with… ▽ More We perform a global Bayesian analysis of diffractive $\mathrm{J}/ψ$ production in $γ+p$ and $γ+\mathrm{Pb}$ collisions within a Color Glass Condensate based framework. Using data from HERA and the LHC, we find that a simultaneous description of $γ+p$ and $γ+\mathrm{Pb}$ observables is challenging. Introducing a global $K$-factor to account for theoretical uncertainties improves the agreement with data and enhances the framework's predictive power. We present predictions for integrated $\mathrm{J}/ψ$ cross sections at different photon-nucleus energies and study their $A$-dependence relative to a no-saturation baseline, quantifying nuclear suppression and providing insights into the onset of saturation effects. △ Less

Submitted 29 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025.

Comments: Proceedings for talk by H.R. at the Quark Matter 2025 conference

Perturbative high-energy evolution in the IP-Glasma initial state

Authors: Heikki Mäntysaari, Björn Schenke, Chun Shen, Wenbin Zhao

Abstract: We include the perturbative JIMWLK energy evolution into the IP-Glasma initial state description used to simulate the early-time dynamics in heavy ion collisions. By numerically solving the JIMWLK equation on an event-by-event basis, we obtain the energy (Bjorken-$x$) dependent structure of the colliding nuclei. Combining the initial state with hydrodynamic simulations, this enables us to predict… ▽ More We include the perturbative JIMWLK energy evolution into the IP-Glasma initial state description used to simulate the early-time dynamics in heavy ion collisions. By numerically solving the JIMWLK equation on an event-by-event basis, we obtain the energy (Bjorken-$x$) dependent structure of the colliding nuclei. Combining the initial state with hydrodynamic simulations, this enables us to predict how observables evolve when moving from RHIC to LHC energies. △ Less

Submitted 28 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025.

Comments: 4 pages. Talk by H.M at the Quark Matter 2025 conference

A Resummed Hydrodynamic Description of Relativistic Heavy-ion Collisions

Authors: Cheng Chiu, Gabriel Denicol, Matthew Luzum, Chun Shen

Abstract: We introduce a resummed hydrodynamic scheme for evolving the viscous stress tensors in relativistic viscous hydrodynamics, based on which the necessary non-linear causality conditions can be imposed. When the magnitudes of the shear and bulk viscous stress tensors are small relative to the ideal part energy-momentum tensor, this new resummed scheme reduces to the standard second-order relativistic… ▽ More We introduce a resummed hydrodynamic scheme for evolving the viscous stress tensors in relativistic viscous hydrodynamics, based on which the necessary non-linear causality conditions can be imposed. When the magnitudes of the shear and bulk viscous stress tensors are small relative to the ideal part energy-momentum tensor, this new resummed scheme reduces to the standard second-order relativistic hydrodynamic theories. Nontrivial nonlinear corrections from high-order gradient terms retain the sizes of shear and bulk viscous stress tensors within tunable maximum allowed values. We perform event-by-event simulations for Pb+Pb and p+Pb collisions at 5.02 TeV to quantify the theoretical uncertainties from this resummed scheme on final-state flow observables. △ Less

Submitted 7 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025.

Comments: 10 pages, 7 figures

Global Bayesian Analysis of $\mathrm{J}/ψ$ Photoproduction on Proton and Lead Targets

Authors: Heikki Mäntysaari, Hendrik Roch, Farid Salazar, Björn Schenke, Chun Shen, Wenbin Zhao

Abstract: We perform a global Bayesian analysis of diffractive $\mathrm{J}/ψ$ production in $γ+p$ and $γ+\mathrm{Pb}$ collisions using a color glass condensate (CGC) based calculation framework. As past calculations have shown that CGC-based models typically overpredict the $\mathrm{J}/ψ$ production in $γ+\mathrm{Pb}$ collisions at high center of mass energy, we address the question of whether it is possibl… ▽ More We perform a global Bayesian analysis of diffractive $\mathrm{J}/ψ$ production in $γ+p$ and $γ+\mathrm{Pb}$ collisions using a color glass condensate (CGC) based calculation framework. As past calculations have shown that CGC-based models typically overpredict the $\mathrm{J}/ψ$ production in $γ+\mathrm{Pb}$ collisions at high center of mass energy, we address the question of whether it is possible to describe coherent and incoherent diffractive $\mathrm{J}/ψ$ data from $γ+p$ collisions at HERA and the LHC, and from $γ+\mathrm{Pb}$ collisions at the LHC simultaneously. Our results indicate that a simultaneous description of $γ+p$ and $γ+\mathrm{Pb}$ data is challenging, with results improving when an overall $K$-factor -- scaling $γ+p$ and $γ+\mathrm{Pb}$ cross sections to absorb model uncertainties -- is introduced. △ Less

Submitted 18 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 16 pages, 4 figures

Bayesian Model Selection and Uncertainty Propagation for Beam Energy Scan Heavy-Ion Collisions

Authors: Syed Afrid Jahan, Hendrik Roch, Chun Shen

Abstract: We apply the Bayesian model selection method (based on the Bayes factor) to optimize $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}$-dependence in the phenomenological parameters of the (3+1)-dimensional hybrid framework for describing relativistic heavy-ion collisions within the Beam Energy Scan program at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider. The effects of various experimental measurements on the posterior distribution… ▽ More We apply the Bayesian model selection method (based on the Bayes factor) to optimize $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}$-dependence in the phenomenological parameters of the (3+1)-dimensional hybrid framework for describing relativistic heavy-ion collisions within the Beam Energy Scan program at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider. The effects of various experimental measurements on the posterior distribution are investigated. We also make model predictions for longitudinal flow decorrelation, rapidity-dependent anisotropic flow and identified particle $v_0(p_\mathrm{T})$ in Au+Au collisions, as well as anisotropic flow coefficients in small systems. Systematic uncertainties in the model predictions are estimated using the variance of the simulation results with a few parameter sets sampled from the posterior distributions. △ Less

Submitted 15 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 26 pages, 22 figures

Nuclear Physics Confronts Relativistic Collisions Of Isobars

Authors: Giuliano Giacalone, Jiangyong Jia, Vittorio Somà, You Zhou, Anatoli Afanasjev, Massimiliano Alvioli, Benjamin Bally, Federica Capellino, Jean-Paul Ebran, Hannah Elfner, Fernando G. Gardim, André V. Giannini, Frédérique Grassi, Eduardo Grossi, Jan Hammelmann, Andreas Kirchner, Dean Lee, Matthew Luzum, Hadi Mehrabpour, Emil G. Nielsen, Govert Nijs, Tamara Nikšić, Jacquelyn Noronha-Hostler, Jean-Yves Ollitrault, Takaharu Otsuka , et al. (21 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: High-energy collisions involving the $A=96$ isobars $^{96}$Zr and $^{96}$Ru have been performed in 2018 at Brookhaven National Laboratory's Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) as a means to search for the chiral magnetic effect in QCD. This would manifest itself as specific deviations from unity in the ratio of observables taken between $^{96}$Zr+$^{96}$Zr and $^{96}$Ru+$^{96}$Ru collisions. Me… ▽ More High-energy collisions involving the $A=96$ isobars $^{96}$Zr and $^{96}$Ru have been performed in 2018 at Brookhaven National Laboratory's Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) as a means to search for the chiral magnetic effect in QCD. This would manifest itself as specific deviations from unity in the ratio of observables taken between $^{96}$Zr+$^{96}$Zr and $^{96}$Ru+$^{96}$Ru collisions. Measurements of such ratios (released at the end of 2021) indeed reveal deviations from unity, but these are primarily caused by the two collided isobars having different radial profiles and intrinsic deformations. To make progress in understanding RHIC data, nuclear physicists across the energy spectrum gathered in Heidelberg in 2022 as part of an EMMI Rapid Reaction Task Force (RRTF) to address the following question. Does the combined effort of low-energy nuclear structure physics and high-energy heavy-ion physics enable us to understand the observations made in isobar collisions at RHIC? △ Less

Submitted 2 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 112 pages, 39figs; Report of the EMMI RRTF "Nuclear Physics Confronts Relativistic Collisions of Isobars" https://indico.gsi.de/event/14430/ https://indico.gsi.de/event/15627/

Interplay of prompt and non-prompt photons in photon-triggered jet observables

Authors: Chathuranga Sirimanna, Yasuki Tachibana, Abhijit Majumder, Aaron Angerami, Ritu Arora, Steffen Bass, Yi Chen, Ritoban Datta, Lipei Du, Raymond Ehlers, Hannah Elfner, Rainer J. Fries, Charles Gale, Yayun He, Barbara Jacak, Peter Jacobs, Sangyong Jeon, Yi Ji, Florian Jonas, Lauren Kasper, Michael Kordell, Amit Kumar, Raghav Kunnawalkam-Elayavalli, Joseph Latessa, Yen-Jie Lee , et al. (27 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Prompt photons are important yet challenging to observe in relativistic heavy-ion collisions, as they are produced in the early stages and traverse almost the entire QGP medium without interaction. Experimental analyses typically employ isolation cuts, in the hope to identify prompt photons. Most theoretical studies consider only events with actual prompt photons, assuming no contribution from iso… ▽ More Prompt photons are important yet challenging to observe in relativistic heavy-ion collisions, as they are produced in the early stages and traverse almost the entire QGP medium without interaction. Experimental analyses typically employ isolation cuts, in the hope to identify prompt photons. Most theoretical studies consider only events with actual prompt photons, assuming no contribution from isolated non-prompt photons to reduce computational cost. For the first time, we present a study that compares simulation results generated using inclusive (bremsstrahlung) and prompt-photon events with multiple experimental observables for both $p-p$ and $Pb-Pb$ collisions at $5.02$ TeV. Simulations are carried out using the multi-stage JETSCAPE framework tuned to describe the quenching of jets and hadrons. Isolated non-prompt photons are generated in hard photon bremsstrahlung, where the photon is radiated at a sufficient angle to the jet. Several photon triggered jet and jet substructure observables show significant contributions from inclusive photons, yielding an improvement in comparison with experimental data. Novel photon triggered jet substructure observables are also expected to show new structures, yet to be detected in experiment. This effort examines the significance of isolated non-prompt photons using parameters tuned for a simultaneous description of the leading hadron and jet spectrum, and thus provides an independent verification of the multistage evolution framework. △ Less

Submitted 1 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 5 pages, 4 figures

Nature of the $P_c$ states from compositeness criteria

Authors: Yu-Fei Wang, Chao-Wei Shen, Deborah Rönchen, Ulf-G. Meißner, Bing-Song Zou, Fei Huang

Abstract: Based on a coupled-channel approach, we investigate the structures of four $P_c$ states through compositeness criteria. Toward a more precise description of the states, we have obtained refined fit results of the LHCb data on the $J/ψp$ invariant mass distribution of the $Λ_b^0\to J/ψp K^-$ decay. Allowing for the fact that each of the four $P_c$ states couples strongly to a nearby $S$-wave channe… ▽ More Based on a coupled-channel approach, we investigate the structures of four $P_c$ states through compositeness criteria. Toward a more precise description of the states, we have obtained refined fit results of the LHCb data on the $J/ψp$ invariant mass distribution of the $Λ_b^0\to J/ψp K^-$ decay. Allowing for the fact that each of the four $P_c$ states couples strongly to a nearby $S$-wave channel, three criteria on the compositeness/elementariness are adopted in this study: the pole-counting rule, the spectral density function, and the Gamow wave function. Compositeness information is extracted from the scattering amplitudes and the pole parameters (pole positions and residues), without any preconceived assumptions on the nature of the $P_c$ states, and without any dependence on the model parametrization. Consistently within the framework of all the three methods, it has been found that the $P_c(4312)\,1/2^-$ is mainly composed by $\bar{D}Σ_c$, $P_c(4380)\,3/2^-$ by $\bar{D}Σ_c^*$, while the $P_c(4440)\,1/2^-$ and $P_c(4457)\,3/2^-$ states both turn out as composite states of $\bar{D}^*Σ_c$. The upper limits of the values of their elementariness are estimated to be rather small. This paper provides an additional confirmation of the molecular interpretation for the $P_c$ states in the literature. △ Less

Submitted 11 October, 2025; v1 submitted 26 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Comments: 13 pages, 5 figures, 5 tables, the version published on PRD

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 112, 074010 (2025)

Effects of hadronic reinteraction on jet fragmentation from small to large systems

Authors: Hendrik Roch, Aaron Angerami, Ritu Arora, Steffen Bass, Yi Chen, Ritoban Datta, Lipei Du, Raymond Ehlers, Hannah Elfner, Rainer J. Fries, Charles Gale, Yayun He, Barbara Jacak, Peter Jacobs, Sangyong Jeon, Yi Ji, Florian Jonas, Lauren Kasper, Michael Kordell II, Amit Kumar, Raghav Kunnawalkam-Elayavalli, Joseph Latessa, Yen-Jie Lee, Roy Lemmon, Matt Luzum , et al. (27 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We investigate the impact of the hadronic phase on jet quenching in nuclear collider experiments, an open question in heavy-ion physics. Previous studies in a simplified setup suggest that hadronic interactions could have significant effects, but a systematic analysis is needed. Using the X-SCAPE event generator with the SMASH afterburner, we study the role of hadronic rescattering on jet fragment… ▽ More We investigate the impact of the hadronic phase on jet quenching in nuclear collider experiments, an open question in heavy-ion physics. Previous studies in a simplified setup suggest that hadronic interactions could have significant effects, but a systematic analysis is needed. Using the X-SCAPE event generator with the SMASH afterburner, we study the role of hadronic rescattering on jet fragmentation hadrons. Applying this framework to $e^++e^-$ collisions, we demonstrate that even in small systems with limited particle production, hadronic interactions lead to measurable modifications in final-state hadronic and jet observables by comparing scenarios with and without afterburner rescattering. △ Less

Submitted 19 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Comments: 6 pages, 3 figures, conference proceedings for Hard Probes 2024

Extraction of jet-medium interaction details through jet substructure for inclusive and gamma-tagged jets

Authors: Y. Tachibana, C. Sirimanna, A. Majumder, A. Angerami, R. Arora, S. A. Bass, Y. Chen, R. Datta, L. Du, R. Ehlers, H. Elfner, R. J. Fries, C. Gale, Y. He, B. V. Jacak, P. M. Jacobs, S. Jeon, Y. Ji, F. Jonas, L. Kasper, M. Kordell II, A. Kumar, R. Kunnawalkam-Elayavalli, J. Latessa, Y. -J. Lee , et al. (27 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a comprehensive study of jet substructure modifications in high-energy heavy-ion collisions using both inclusive jets and $γ$-tagged jets, based on a multi-stage jet evolution model within the Monte Carlo framework JETSCAPE. To investigate hard parton splittings inside jets, we focus on Soft Drop observables. Our results for the groomed splitting radius and groomed jet mass distribution… ▽ More We present a comprehensive study of jet substructure modifications in high-energy heavy-ion collisions using both inclusive jets and $γ$-tagged jets, based on a multi-stage jet evolution model within the Monte Carlo framework JETSCAPE. To investigate hard parton splittings inside jets, we focus on Soft Drop observables. Our results for the groomed splitting radius and groomed jet mass distributions of inclusive jets show a slight narrowing compared to proton-proton baselines. We demonstrate that this apparent narrowing is primarily a selection bias from energy loss, rather than a direct modification of the splitting structure, by analyzing $γ$-tagged jets, where such bias is eliminated or significantly reduced. We also show that quark jets exhibit genuine modifications in their splitting structure, which is not seen in gluon jets. These effects are clearly visible in the substructure of $γ$-tagged jets, which are dominated by quark jets, but are not apparent for inclusive jets. This demonstrates that $γ$-tagged jets offer a powerful probe of medium-induced modifications to the hard splitting structure of jets. △ Less

Submitted 18 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Comments: 5 pages, 3 figures, Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Hard and Electromagnetic Probes of High-Energy Nuclear Collisions (Hard Probes 2024), September 22-27, 2024, Nagasaki, Japan

High-order anisotropic flow and nonlinear hydrodynamic responses

Authors: Owen Horecny, Chun Shen

Abstract: In this work, we study the charged hadron anisotropic flow coefficients $v_n$ (up to $n = 12$) using high-statistics event-by-event simulations of Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}} = 5.02$ and $5.36$~TeV, employing the IP-Glasma + MUSIC + UrQMD hybrid approach. The power spectra of anisotropic flow coefficients ($v_n\{2\}$ vs. $n$) are compared with the ALICE measurements from central to 5… ▽ More In this work, we study the charged hadron anisotropic flow coefficients $v_n$ (up to $n = 12$) using high-statistics event-by-event simulations of Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}} = 5.02$ and $5.36$~TeV, employing the IP-Glasma + MUSIC + UrQMD hybrid approach. The power spectra of anisotropic flow coefficients ($v_n\{2\}$ vs. $n$) are compared with the ALICE measurements from central to 50% centrality. To understand the various sources contributing to the high-order $v_n$ coefficients, we analyze the nonlinear mode coefficients for high-order anisotropic flow coefficients using different approximations and make comparisons with available measurements. △ Less

Submitted 22 September, 2025; v1 submitted 3 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Comments: 9 pages, 16 figures; updated version has been accepted by Phys. Rev. C

Probing the octupole deformation of $^{238}$U in high-energy nuclear collisions

Authors: Chunjian Zhang, Jiangyong Jia, Jinhui Chen, Chun Shen, Lumeng Liu

Abstract: Some atomic nuclei exhibit ``pear" shapes arising from octupole deformation ($β_3$), though direct experimental evidences for such exotic shapes remains scarce. Low-energy model studies suggest $^{238}$U may have a modest octupole deformation arising from collective vibrational degrees of freedom, in addition to a large prolate shape. We investigated the impact of this modest octupole shape on obs… ▽ More Some atomic nuclei exhibit ``pear" shapes arising from octupole deformation ($β_3$), though direct experimental evidences for such exotic shapes remains scarce. Low-energy model studies suggest $^{238}$U may have a modest octupole deformation arising from collective vibrational degrees of freedom, in addition to a large prolate shape. We investigated the impact of this modest octupole shape on observables involving triangular flow ($v_3$) in high-energy nuclear collisions. Using a hydrodynamic framework, we show $v_3$ and its correlation with mean transverse momentum, $\langle v_3^2 δp_{\rm{T}} \rangle$, exhibit strong sensitivity to $β_3$. We found that $\langle v_3^2\rangle$ follows a linear increase with $β_3^2$, while the characteristic anticorrelation in $\langle v_3^2 δp_{\rm{T}} \rangle$ shows a pronounced $β_3$-dependent suppression. Our findings demonstrate that the collective-flow-assisted nuclear imaging method in high-energy nuclear collisions, when compared with experimental data, can provide unique quantitative constraints on higher-order deformations. △ Less

Submitted 14 May, 2025; v1 submitted 21 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025.

Comments: 6 pages, 4 figures

Bayesian model-data comparison incorporating theoretical uncertainties

Authors: Sunil Jaiswal, Chun Shen, Richard J. Furnstahl, Ulrich Heinz, Matthew T. Pratola

Abstract: Accurate comparisons between theoretical models and experimental data are critical for scientific progress. However, inferred physical model parameters can vary significantly with the chosen physics model, highlighting the importance of properly accounting for theoretical uncertainties. In this Letter, we present a Bayesian framework that explicitly quantifies these uncertainties by statistically… ▽ More Accurate comparisons between theoretical models and experimental data are critical for scientific progress. However, inferred physical model parameters can vary significantly with the chosen physics model, highlighting the importance of properly accounting for theoretical uncertainties. In this Letter, we present a Bayesian framework that explicitly quantifies these uncertainties by statistically modeling theory errors, guided by qualitative knowledge of a theory's varying reliability across the input domain. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach using two systems: a simple ball drop experiment and multi-stage heavy-ion simulations. In both cases incorporating model discrepancy leads to improved parameter estimates, with systematic improvements observed as additional experimental observables are integrated. △ Less

Submitted 24 October, 2025; v1 submitted 17 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025.

Comments: 11 pages, 7 figures. Added Figure 2 and Ref. 24 (open-source code link). Matches published version

Journal ref: Phys. Lett. B 870 (2025) 139946

Enhanced signal of momentum broadening in hard splittings for $γ$-tagged jets in a multistage approach

Authors: Y. Tachibana, C. Sirimanna, A. Majumder, A. Angerami, R. Arora, S. A. Bass, Y. Chen, R. Datta, L. Du, R. Ehlers, H. Elfner, R. J. Fries, C. Gale, Y. He, B. V. Jacak, P. M. Jacobs, S. Jeon, Y. Ji, F. Jonas, L. Kasper, M. Kordell II, A. Kumar, R. Kunnawalkam-Elayavalli, J. Latessa, Y. -J. Lee , et al. (27 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We investigate medium-induced modifications to jet substructure observables that characterize hard splitting patterns in central Pb-Pb collisions at the top energy of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Using a multistage Monte Carlo simulation of in-medium jet shower evolution, we explore flavor-dependent medium effects through simulations of inclusive and $γ$-tagged jets. The results show that quar… ▽ More We investigate medium-induced modifications to jet substructure observables that characterize hard splitting patterns in central Pb-Pb collisions at the top energy of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Using a multistage Monte Carlo simulation of in-medium jet shower evolution, we explore flavor-dependent medium effects through simulations of inclusive and $γ$-tagged jets. The results show that quark jets undergo a non-monotonic modification compared to gluon jets in observables such as the Pb-Pb to $p$-$p$ ratio of the Soft Drop prong angle $r_g$, the relative prong transverse momentum $k_{T,g}$ and the groomed mass $m_g$ distributions. Due to this non-monotonic modification, $γ$-tagged jets, enriched in quark jets, provide surprisingly clear signals of medium-induced structural modifications, distinct from effects dominated by selection bias. This work highlights the potential of hard substructures in $γ$-tagged jets as powerful tools for probing the jet-medium interactions in high-energy heavy-ion collisions. All simulations for $γ$-tagged jet analyses carried out in this paper used triggered events containing at least one hard photon, which highlights the utility of these observables for future Bayesian analysis. △ Less

Submitted 30 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: 26 pages, 31 figures

Four-dimensional QCD equation of state at finite chemical potentials

Authors: Akihiko Monnai, Grégoire Pihan, Björn Schenke, Chun Shen

Abstract: Exploration of the QCD phase diagram is pivotal in particle and nuclear physics. We construct a full four-dimensional equation of state of QCD with net baryon, electric charge, and strangeness by extending the NEOS model beyond the conventional two-dimensional approximation. Lattice QCD calculations based on the Taylor expansion method and the hadron resonance gas model are considered for the cons… ▽ More Exploration of the QCD phase diagram is pivotal in particle and nuclear physics. We construct a full four-dimensional equation of state of QCD with net baryon, electric charge, and strangeness by extending the NEOS model beyond the conventional two-dimensional approximation. Lattice QCD calculations based on the Taylor expansion method and the hadron resonance gas model are considered for the construction. We also develop an efficient numerical method for applying the four-dimensional equation of state to relativistic hydrodynamic simulations, which can be used for the analysis of nuclear collisions at beam energy scan energies and for different nuclear species at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. △ Less

Submitted 5 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: 9 pages, 4 figures; Proceedings of the XVIth Quark Confinement and the Hadron Spectrum Conference (QCHSC24), August 18-24, 2024, Cairns, Australia

Collision energy dependence in heavy ion collisions from nonlinear QCD evolution

Authors: Heikki Mäntysaari, Björn Schenke, Chun Shen, Wenbin Zhao

Abstract: We explore the effects of including the energy dependence determined from evolution equations within the color glass condensate framework on observables in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions. This amounts to integrating the JIMWLK evolution equations into the IP-Glasma model, which is then coupled to viscous relativistic hydrodynamics. This methodology allows for a systematic representation o… ▽ More We explore the effects of including the energy dependence determined from evolution equations within the color glass condensate framework on observables in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions. This amounts to integrating the JIMWLK evolution equations into the IP-Glasma model, which is then coupled to viscous relativistic hydrodynamics. This methodology allows for a systematic representation of nuclei at specific Bjorken-$x$ values, which are probed at different center-of-mass energies of the collision and rapidities of final state particles. Comparing to the conventional IP-Glasma model, we find significant effects on multiplicity distributions and particle spectra, especially in smaller collision systems at the highest center of mass energies. Our results highlight the importance of incorporating nonlinear QCD evolution in the description of heavy ion collisions at varying center of mass energies, as the precise extraction of transport coefficients will be affected. This work establishes a robust framework for understanding the quark gluon plasma and nuclear structure at high energy, integrating small-$x$ physics into the initial conditions of heavy-ion collisions. △ Less

Submitted 7 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025.

Hybrid Hadronization -- A Study of In-Medium Hadronization of Jets

Authors: A. Sengupta, R. J. Fries, M. Kordell II, B. Kim, A. Angerami, R. Arora, S. A. Bass, Y. Chen, R. Datta, L. Du, R. Ehlers, H. Elfner, C. Gale, Y. He, B. V. Jacak, P. M. Jacobs, S. Jeon, Y. Ji, F. Jonas, L. Kasper, A. Kumar, R. Kunnawalkam-Elayavalli, J. Latessa, Y. -J. Lee, R. Lemmon , et al. (28 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: QCD jets are considered important probes for quark gluon plasma created in collisions of nuclei at high energies. Their parton showers are significantly altered if they develop inside of a deconfined medium. Hadronization of jets is also thought to be affected by the presence of quarks and gluons. We present a systematic study of the effects of a thermal bath of partons on the hadronization of par… ▽ More QCD jets are considered important probes for quark gluon plasma created in collisions of nuclei at high energies. Their parton showers are significantly altered if they develop inside of a deconfined medium. Hadronization of jets is also thought to be affected by the presence of quarks and gluons. We present a systematic study of the effects of a thermal bath of partons on the hadronization of parton showers. We use the JETSCAPE framework to create parton showers both in vacuum and in a brick of quark gluon plasma. The brick setup allows important parameters, like the size of the plasma as well as the collective flow of partons, to be varied systematically. We hadronize the parton showers using Hybrid Hadronization, which permits shower partons to form strings with thermal partons, or to recombine directly with thermal partons as well as with each other. We find a sizeable amount of interaction of shower partons with thermal partons during hadronization, indicating a natural continuation of the interaction of jet and medium during this stage. The observed effects grow with the size of the medium. Collective flow easily transfers from the thermal partons onto the emerging jet hadrons. We also see a significant change in hadron chemistry as expected in the presence of quark recombination processes. △ Less

Submitted 27 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025.

Comments: 12 pages, 6 figures

White Paper on Software Infrastructure for Advanced Nuclear Physics Computing

Authors: P. M. Jacobs, A. Boehnlein, B. Sawatzky, J. Carlson, I. Cloet, M. Diefenthaler, R. G. Edwards, K. Godbey, W. R. Hix, K. Orginos, T. Papenbrock, M. Ploskon, C. Ratti, R. Soltz, T. Wenaus, L. Andreoli, J. Brodsky, D. Brown, A. Bulgac, G. D. Chung, S. J. Coleman, J. Detwiler, A. Dubey, R. Ehlers, S. Gandolfi , et al. (27 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This White Paper documents the discussion and consensus conclusions of the workshop "Software Infrastructure for Advanced Nuclear Physics Computing" (SANPC 24), which was held at Jefferson Lab on June 20-22, 2024. The workshop brought together members of the US Nuclear Physics community with data scientists and funding agency representatives, to discuss the challenges and opportunities in advanced… ▽ More This White Paper documents the discussion and consensus conclusions of the workshop "Software Infrastructure for Advanced Nuclear Physics Computing" (SANPC 24), which was held at Jefferson Lab on June 20-22, 2024. The workshop brought together members of the US Nuclear Physics community with data scientists and funding agency representatives, to discuss the challenges and opportunities in advanced computing for Nuclear Physics in the coming decade. Opportunities for sustainable support and growth are identified, within the context of existing and currently planned DOE and NSF programs. △ Less

Submitted 21 April, 2025; v1 submitted 1 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025.

Comments: Final version

Hard Photon Triggered Jets in $p$-$p$ and $A$-$A$ Collisions

Authors: C. Sirimanna, Y. Tachibana, A. Majumder, A. Angerami, R. Arora, S. A. Bass, Y. Chen, R. Datta, L. Du, R. Ehlers, H. Elfner, R. J. Fries, C. Gale, Y. He, B. V. Jacak, P. M. Jacobs, S. Jeon, Y. Ji, F. Jonas, L. Kasper, M. Kordell II, A. Kumar, R. Kunnawalkam-Elayavalli, J. Latessa, Y. -J. Lee , et al. (27 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: An investigation of high transverse momentum (high-$p_T$) photon triggered jets in proton-proton ($p$-$p$) and ion-ion ($A$-$A$) collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 0.2$ and $5.02~\mathrm{TeV}$ is carried out, using the multistage description of in-medium jet evolution. Monte Carlo simulations of hard scattering and energy loss in heavy-ion collisions are performed using parameters tuned in a previous… ▽ More An investigation of high transverse momentum (high-$p_T$) photon triggered jets in proton-proton ($p$-$p$) and ion-ion ($A$-$A$) collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 0.2$ and $5.02~\mathrm{TeV}$ is carried out, using the multistage description of in-medium jet evolution. Monte Carlo simulations of hard scattering and energy loss in heavy-ion collisions are performed using parameters tuned in a previous study of the nuclear modification factor ($R_{AA}$) for inclusive jets and high-$p_T$ hadrons. We obtain a good reproduction of the experimental data for photon triggered jet $R_{AA}$, as measured by the ATLAS detector, the distribution of the ratio of jet to photon $p_T$ ($X_{\rm J γ}$), measured by both CMS and ATLAS, and the photon-jet azimuthal correlation as measured by CMS. We obtain a moderate description of the photon triggered jet $I_{AA}$, as measured by STAR. A noticeable improvement in the comparison is observed when one goes beyond prompt photons and includes bremsstrahlung and decay photons, revealing their significance in certain kinematic regions, particularly at $X_{Jγ} > 1$. Moreover, azimuthal angle correlations demonstrate a notable impact of non-prompt photons on the distribution, emphasizing their role in accurately describing experimental results. This work highlights the success of the multistage model of jet modification to straightforwardly predict (this set of) photon triggered jet observables. This comparison, along with the role played by non-prompt photons, has important consequences on the inclusion of such observables in a future Bayesian analysis. △ Less

Submitted 27 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024.

Comments: 16 pages, 10 figures

Collectivity in ultra-peripheral heavy-ion and e+A collisions

Authors: Björn Schenke, Chun Shen, Wenbin Zhao

Abstract: We review recent theoretical progress in describing collective effects in photon+nucleus collisions. The approaches considered range from the color glass condensate where correlations are encoded in the initial state, to hydrodynamic frameworks, where a strong final state response to the initial geometry of the collision is the key ingredient to generate momentum-space correlations. We review recent theoretical progress in describing collective effects in photon+nucleus collisions. The approaches considered range from the color glass condensate where correlations are encoded in the initial state, to hydrodynamic frameworks, where a strong final state response to the initial geometry of the collision is the key ingredient to generate momentum-space correlations. △ Less

Submitted 27 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024.

Comments: 8 pages, 1 figure, presented at "Diffraction and Low-$x$ 2024'', Trabia (Palermo, Italy), September 8-14, 2024

Production of exotic hadrons in $pp$ and nuclear collisions

Authors: Jinhui Chen, Feng-Kun Guo, Yu-Gang Ma, Cheng-Ping Shen, Qiye Shou, Qian Wang, Jia-Jun Wu, Bing-Song Zou

Abstract: Exotic hadrons beyond the conventional quark model have been discovered in the past two decades. Investigations of these states can lead to deep understanding of nonperturbative dynamics of the strong interaction. In this concise review, we focus on the productions of exotic hadrons in $pp$, $p\bar p$, and nuclear collisions. Experimental observations of light nuclei and hypernuclei, as prototypes… ▽ More Exotic hadrons beyond the conventional quark model have been discovered in the past two decades. Investigations of these states can lead to deep understanding of nonperturbative dynamics of the strong interaction. In this concise review, we focus on the productions of exotic hadrons in $pp$, $p\bar p$, and nuclear collisions. Experimental observations of light nuclei and hypernuclei, as prototypes of hadronic molecules, in heavy ion collisions will also be briefly discussed. △ Less

Submitted 27 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024.

Comments: 17 pages, 16 figures. This review is dedicated to Professor Wenqing Shen on the occasion to celebrate his 80th birthday. All authors contributed equally to this work

Journal ref: Nucl. Sci. Tech. 36 (2025) 55

A Gaussian Process Generative Model for QCD Equation of State

Authors: Jiaxuan Gong, Hendrik Roch, Chun Shen

Abstract: We develop a generative model for the nuclear matter equation of state at zero net baryon density using the Gaussian Process Regression method. We impose first-principles theoretical constraints from lattice QCD and hadron resonance gas at high- and low-temperature regions, respectively. By allowing the trained Gaussian Process Regression model to vary freely near the phase transition region, we g… ▽ More We develop a generative model for the nuclear matter equation of state at zero net baryon density using the Gaussian Process Regression method. We impose first-principles theoretical constraints from lattice QCD and hadron resonance gas at high- and low-temperature regions, respectively. By allowing the trained Gaussian Process Regression model to vary freely near the phase transition region, we generate random smooth cross-over equations of state with different speeds of sound that do not rely on specific parameterizations. We explore a collection of experimental observable dependencies on the generated equations of state, which paves the groundwork for future Bayesian inference studies to use experimental measurements from relativistic heavy-ion collisions to constrain the nuclear matter equation of state. △ Less

Submitted 29 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024.

Comments: 12 pages, 6 figures

Probing Nuclear Structure of Heavy Ions at the Large Hadron Collider

Authors: Heikki Mäntysaari, Björn Schenke, Chun Shen, Wenbin Zhao

Abstract: We perform high-statistics simulations to study the impacts of nuclear structure on the ratios of anisotropic flow observables in $^{208}$Pb+$^{208}$Pb and $^{129}$Xe+$^{129}$Xe collisions at the Large Hadron Collider. Even with $40\%$ difference in atomic numbers between $^{208}$Pb and $^{129}$Xe nuclei, the ratios of anisotropic flow in the same centrality class between the two collision systems… ▽ More We perform high-statistics simulations to study the impacts of nuclear structure on the ratios of anisotropic flow observables in $^{208}$Pb+$^{208}$Pb and $^{129}$Xe+$^{129}$Xe collisions at the Large Hadron Collider. Even with $40\%$ difference in atomic numbers between $^{208}$Pb and $^{129}$Xe nuclei, the ratios of anisotropic flow in the same centrality class between the two collision systems are strongly affected by the nuclear structure inputs in the initial state. The ratios of $v_2\{4\}/v_2\{2\}$ in these collisions are sensitive to the nuclear skin thickness of the colliding nuclei, providing indirect constraints on the nuclei's neutron skin. Our model predictions serve as a benchmark to compare with experimental measurements. △ Less

Submitted 27 September, 2024; originally announced September 2024.

Comments: 8 pages, 9 figures

Spatial imaging of polarized deuterons at the Electron-Ion Collider

Authors: Heikki Mäntysaari, Farid Salazar, Björn Schenke, Chun Shen, Wenbin Zhao

Abstract: We study diffractive vector meson production at small-$x$ in the collision of electrons and polarized deuterons $e+d^{\uparrow}$. We consider the polarization dependence of the nuclear wave function of the deuteron, which results in an azimuthal angular dependence of the produced vector meson when the deuteron is transversely polarized. The Fourier coefficients extracted from the azimuthal angular… ▽ More We study diffractive vector meson production at small-$x$ in the collision of electrons and polarized deuterons $e+d^{\uparrow}$. We consider the polarization dependence of the nuclear wave function of the deuteron, which results in an azimuthal angular dependence of the produced vector meson when the deuteron is transversely polarized. The Fourier coefficients extracted from the azimuthal angular dependence of the vector meson differential cross-section exhibit notable differences between longitudinally and transversely polarized deuterons. The angular dependence of the extracted effective deuteron radius provides direct insight into the structure of the polarized deuteron wave function. Furthermore, we observe slightly increased gluon saturation effects when the deuteron is longitudinally polarized compared to the transversely polarized case. The small-$x$ observables studied in this work will be accessible at the future Electron-Ion Collider. △ Less

Submitted 23 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024.

Report number: INT-PUB-24-043

Bayesian Inference analysis of jet quenching using inclusive jet and hadron suppression measurements

Authors: R. Ehlers, Y. Chen, J. Mulligan, Y. Ji, A. Kumar, S. Mak, P. M. Jacobs, A. Majumder, A. Angerami, R. Arora, S. A. Bass, R. Datta, L. Du, H. Elfner, R. J. Fries, C. Gale, Y. He, B. V. Jacak, S. Jeon, F. Jonas, L. Kasper, M. Kordell II, R. Kunnawalkam-Elayavalli, J. Latessa, Y. -J. Lee , et al. (28 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The JETSCAPE Collaboration reports a new determination of the jet transport parameter $\hat{q}$ in the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) using Bayesian Inference, incorporating all available inclusive hadron and jet yield suppression data measured in heavy-ion collisions at RHIC and the LHC. This multi-observable analysis extends the previously published JETSCAPE Bayesian Inference determination of… ▽ More The JETSCAPE Collaboration reports a new determination of the jet transport parameter $\hat{q}$ in the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) using Bayesian Inference, incorporating all available inclusive hadron and jet yield suppression data measured in heavy-ion collisions at RHIC and the LHC. This multi-observable analysis extends the previously published JETSCAPE Bayesian Inference determination of $\hat{q}$, which was based solely on a selection of inclusive hadron suppression data. JETSCAPE is a modular framework incorporating detailed dynamical models of QGP formation and evolution, and jet propagation and interaction in the QGP. Virtuality-dependent partonic energy loss in the QGP is modeled as a thermalized weakly-coupled plasma, with parameters determined from Bayesian calibration using soft-sector observables. This Bayesian calibration of $\hat{q}$ utilizes Active Learning, a machine--learning approach, for efficient exploitation of computing resources. The experimental data included in this analysis span a broad range in collision energy and centrality, and in transverse momentum. In order to explore the systematic dependence of the extracted parameter posterior distributions, several different calibrations are reported, based on combined jet and hadron data; on jet or hadron data separately; and on restricted kinematic or centrality ranges of the jet and hadron data. Tension is observed in comparison of these variations, providing new insights into the physics of jet transport in the QGP and its theoretical formulation. △ Less

Submitted 28 August, 2024; v1 submitted 15 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024.

Comments: 20 pages, 10 figures, 2 tables, submitted to PRC; updated acknowledgements

Bayesian analysis of (3+1)D relativistic nuclear dynamics with the RHIC beam energy scan data

Authors: Syed Afrid Jahan, Hendrik Roch, Chun Shen

Abstract: This work presents a Bayesian inference study for relativistic heavy-ion collisions in the Beam Energy Scan program at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider. The theoretical model simulates event-by-event (3+1)D collision dynamics using hydrodynamics and hadronic transport theory. We analyze the model's 20-dimensional posterior distributions obtained using three model emulators with different accura… ▽ More This work presents a Bayesian inference study for relativistic heavy-ion collisions in the Beam Energy Scan program at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider. The theoretical model simulates event-by-event (3+1)D collision dynamics using hydrodynamics and hadronic transport theory. We analyze the model's 20-dimensional posterior distributions obtained using three model emulators with different accuracy and demonstrate the essential role of training an accurate model emulator in the Bayesian analysis. Our analysis provides robust constraints on the Quark-Gluon Plasma's transport properties and various aspects of (3+1)D relativistic nuclear dynamics. By running full model simulations with 100 parameter sets sampled from the posterior distribution, we make predictions for $p_{\rm T}$-differential observables and estimate their systematic theory uncertainty. A sensitivity analysis is performed to elucidate how individual experimental observables respond to different model parameters, providing useful physics insights into the phenomenological model for heavy-ion collisions. △ Less

Submitted 1 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024.

Comments: 18 pages, 9 figures

A soft-hard framework with exact four momentum conservation for small systems

Authors: I. Soudi, W. Zhao, A. Majumder, C. Shen, J. H. Putschke, B. Boudreaux, A. Angerami, R. Arora, S. A. Bass, Y. Chen, R. Datta, L. Du, R. Ehlers, H. Elfner, R. J. Fries, C. Gale, Y. He, B. V. Jacak, P. M. Jacobs, S. Jeon, Y. Ji, L. Kasper, M. Kelsey, M. Kordell II, A. Kumar , et al. (28 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: A new framework, called x-scape, for the combined study of both hard and soft transverse momentum sectors in high energy proton-proton ($p$-$p$) and proton-nucleus ($p$-$A$) collisions is set up. A dynamical initial state is set up using the 3d-Glauber model with transverse locations of hotspots within each incoming nucleon. A hard scattering that emanates from two colliding hotspots is carried ou… ▽ More A new framework, called x-scape, for the combined study of both hard and soft transverse momentum sectors in high energy proton-proton ($p$-$p$) and proton-nucleus ($p$-$A$) collisions is set up. A dynamical initial state is set up using the 3d-Glauber model with transverse locations of hotspots within each incoming nucleon. A hard scattering that emanates from two colliding hotspots is carried out using the Pythia generator. Initial state radiation from the incoming hard partons is carried out in a new module called I-matter, which includes the longitudinal location of initial splits. The energy-momentum of both the initial hard partons and their associated beam remnants is removed from the hot spots, depleting the energy-momentum available for the formation of the bulk medium. Outgoing showers are simulated using the matter generator, and results are presented for both cases, allowing for and not allowing for energy loss. First comparisons between this hard-soft model and single inclusive hadron and jet data from $p$-$p$ and minimum bias $p$-$Pb$ collisions are presented. Single hadron spectra in $p$-$p$ are used to carry out a limited (in number of parameters) Bayesian calibration of the model. Fair comparisons with data are indicative of the utility of this new framework. Theoretical studies of the correlation between jet $p_T$ and event activity at mid and forward rapidity are carried out. △ Less

Submitted 24 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024.

Comments: 18 pages, 15 figures

Probing gluon saturation and nuclear structure in photon-nucleus collisions

Authors: Heikki Mäntysaari, Farid Salazar, Björn Schenke, Chun Shen, Wenbin Zhao

Abstract: We calculate exclusive vector meson photoproduction within the Color Glass Condensate framework in high-energy photon-nucleus scattering probed experimentally in ultra peripheral heavy ion collisions at RHIC and at the LHC. When the free parameters are constrained by the $γ+p$ data from HERA, we predict significant nuclear suppression for both the coherent and incoherent photoproduction cross sect… ▽ More We calculate exclusive vector meson photoproduction within the Color Glass Condensate framework in high-energy photon-nucleus scattering probed experimentally in ultra peripheral heavy ion collisions at RHIC and at the LHC. When the free parameters are constrained by the $γ+p$ data from HERA, we predict significant nuclear suppression for both the coherent and incoherent photoproduction cross section in the TeV range. Our results indicate that the LHC data prefers even stronger saturation effects at the highest collision energies. Furthermore, we demonstrate how the linear polarization of photons in ulra peripheral collisions generates azimuthal modulations in the decay products of the exclusively produced vector meson. We show how these measurements can probe details of the nuclear geometry, specifically the deformed structure of the uranium nuclei. △ Less

Submitted 13 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024.

Comments: 5 pages, 6 figures. Talk by H.M at DIS2024

Vortex Rings in Event-by-Event Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions

Authors: David Dobrigkeit Chinellato, Michael Annan Lisa, Willian Matioli Serenone, Chun Shen, Jun Takahashi, Giorgio Torrieri

Abstract: We present event-by-event simulations for central asymmetric light+heavy and Au+Au collisions to investigate the formation and evolution of vortex-ring structures in the longitudinal flow velocity profile. The production-plane polarization of $Λ$ hyperons, defined w.r.t. the $Λ$ momentum and the beam, can track the "vortex-ring" feature in the event, a characteristic vortical structure generated b… ▽ More We present event-by-event simulations for central asymmetric light+heavy and Au+Au collisions to investigate the formation and evolution of vortex-ring structures in the longitudinal flow velocity profile. The production-plane polarization of $Λ$ hyperons, defined w.r.t. the $Λ$ momentum and the beam, can track the "vortex-ring" feature in the event, a characteristic vortical structure generated by longitudinal flow gradients. We make comprehensive model predictions for the rapidity-dependent vortex-ring observables for different collision system sizes at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}} = 200$ and 72 GeV. Our predictions at the latter energy can be explored in the future LHCb fixed-target experiment at the Large Hadron Collider. △ Less

Submitted 2 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024.

Comments: 10 pages, 11 figures

Four-dimensional QCD equation of state with multiple chemical potentials

Authors: Akihiko Monnai, Grégoire Pihan, Björn Schenke, Chun Shen

Abstract: We construct a four-dimensional version of the equation of state (EoS) model NEOS, NEOS-4D, as a function of the temperature and chemical potentials of baryon, electric charge, and strangeness for the hot and dense QCD matter created in relativistic nuclear collisions. This EoS enables multiple conserved charge current evolution in a relativistic fluid. Input from Lattice QCD simulations and a had… ▽ More We construct a four-dimensional version of the equation of state (EoS) model NEOS, NEOS-4D, as a function of the temperature and chemical potentials of baryon, electric charge, and strangeness for the hot and dense QCD matter created in relativistic nuclear collisions. This EoS enables multiple conserved charge current evolution in a relativistic fluid. Input from Lattice QCD simulations and a hadron resonance gas model is considered for constructing the equation of state. We investigate its applicability to the relativistic hydrodynamic description of nuclear collisions and present a method for efficient numerical implementation. △ Less

Submitted 11 October, 2024; v1 submitted 17 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024.

Comments: 11 pages, 9 figures; revised version to appear in Physical Review C

Anisotropic flow in fixed-target $^{208}$Pb+$^{20}$Ne collisions as a probe of quark-gluon plasma

Authors: Giuliano Giacalone, Wenbin Zhao, Benjamin Bally, Shihang Shen, Thomas Duguet, Jean-Paul Ebran, Serdar Elhatisari, Mikael Frosini, Timo A. Lähde, Dean Lee, Bing-Nan Lu, Yuan-Zhuo Ma, Ulf-G. Meißner, Govert Nijs, Jacquelyn Noronha-Hostler, Christopher Plumberg, Tomás R. Rodríguez, Robert Roth, Wilke van der Schee, Björn Schenke, Chun Shen, Vittorio Somà

Abstract: The System for Measuring Overlap with Gas (SMOG2) at the LHCb detector enables the study of fixed-target ion-ion collisions at relativistic energies ($\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}\sim100$ GeV in the centre-of-mass). With input from \textit{ab initio} calculations of the structure of $^{16}$O and $^{20}$Ne, we compute 3+1D hydrodynamic predictions for the anisotropic flow of Pb+Ne and Pb+O collisions, to be t… ▽ More The System for Measuring Overlap with Gas (SMOG2) at the LHCb detector enables the study of fixed-target ion-ion collisions at relativistic energies ($\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}\sim100$ GeV in the centre-of-mass). With input from \textit{ab initio} calculations of the structure of $^{16}$O and $^{20}$Ne, we compute 3+1D hydrodynamic predictions for the anisotropic flow of Pb+Ne and Pb+O collisions, to be tested with upcoming LHCb data. This will allow the detailed study of quark-gluon plasma (QGP) formation as well as experimental tests of the predicted nuclear shapes. Elliptic flow ($v_2$) in Pb+Ne collisions is greatly enhanced compared to the Pb+O baseline due to the shape of $^{20}$Ne, which is deformed in a bowling-pin geometry. Owing to the large $^{208}$Pb radius, this effect is seen in a broad centrality range, a unique feature of this collision configuration. Larger elliptic flow further enhances the quadrangular flow ($v_4$) of Pb+Ne collisions via non-linear coupling, and impacts the sign of the kurtosis of the elliptic flow vector distribution ($c_2\{4\}$). Exploiting the shape of $^{20}$Ne proves thus an ideal method to investigate the formation of QGP in fixed-target experiments at LHCb, and demonstrates the power of SMOG2 as a tool to image nuclear ground states. △ Less

Submitted 26 February, 2025; v1 submitted 30 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024.

Comments: Updated the version that published in Phys. Rev. Lett. 134.082301

Unveiling baryon charge carriers through charge stopping in isobar collisions

Authors: Gregoire Pihan, Akihiko Monnai, Björn Schenke, Chun Shen

Abstract: Utilizing a comprehensive (3+1)D relativistic hydrodynamic framework with multiple conserved charge currents and charge-dependent Lattice-QCD-based equation of state, we study the baryon and electric charge number deposition at mid rapidity in isobar Ru+Ru and Zr+Zr collisions at the center of mass energy $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}=200$ GeV. Comparing our predictions with upcoming experimental data fro… ▽ More Utilizing a comprehensive (3+1)D relativistic hydrodynamic framework with multiple conserved charge currents and charge-dependent Lattice-QCD-based equation of state, we study the baryon and electric charge number deposition at mid rapidity in isobar Ru+Ru and Zr+Zr collisions at the center of mass energy $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}=200$ GeV. Comparing our predictions with upcoming experimental data from the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider will shed light on the existence of baryon junctions. △ Less

Submitted 29 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024.

Comments: 6 pages, 2 figures

On model emulation and closure tests for 3+1D relativistic heavy-ion collisions

Authors: Hendrik Roch, Syed Afrid Jahan, Chun Shen

Abstract: In nuclear and particle physics, reconciling sophisticated simulations with experimental data is vital for understanding complex systems like the Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP) generated in heavy-ion collisions. However, computational demands pose challenges, motivating using Gaussian Process emulators for efficient parameter extraction via Bayesian calibration. We conduct a comparative analysis of Gaus… ▽ More In nuclear and particle physics, reconciling sophisticated simulations with experimental data is vital for understanding complex systems like the Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP) generated in heavy-ion collisions. However, computational demands pose challenges, motivating using Gaussian Process emulators for efficient parameter extraction via Bayesian calibration. We conduct a comparative analysis of Gaussian Process emulators in heavy-ion physics to identify the most adept emulator for parameter extraction with minimal uncertainty. Our study contributes to advancing computational techniques in heavy-ion physics, enhancing our ability to interpret experimental data and understand QGP properties. △ Less

Submitted 27 May, 2024; v1 submitted 20 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024.

Comments: 19 pages, 13 figures, add references/clarify notation

The odd-even differences in stability peninsula for $106 \leqslant Z \leqslant 112$ region with the deformed relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov theory in continuum

Authors: Xiao-Tao He, Jia-Wei Wu, Kai-Yuan Zhang, Cai-Wan Shen

Abstract: The predictive power of the deformed relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov theory in continuum (DRHBc) with density functional PC-PK1 is demonstrated for superheavy region ($101 \leqslant Z \leqslant 120$) by comparing with available experimental and evaluated data in the AME2020. The DRHBc theory predicts 93 bound nuclei beyond the drip line $N = 258$ in the region of $106 \leqslant Z \leqslant 112$, w… ▽ More The predictive power of the deformed relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov theory in continuum (DRHBc) with density functional PC-PK1 is demonstrated for superheavy region ($101 \leqslant Z \leqslant 120$) by comparing with available experimental and evaluated data in the AME2020. The DRHBc theory predicts 93 bound nuclei beyond the drip line $N = 258$ in the region of $106 \leqslant Z \leqslant 112$, which form a stability peninsula. The odd-even differences between odd-$N$ and even-$N$ nuclei are remarkable in the stability peninsula; the number of bound odd-$N$ nuclei is less than that of bound even-$N$ nuclei, and the one-neutron separation energy of an odd-$N$ nucleus is smaller than those of its neighboring even-$N$ nuclei due to the blocking effect. The deformation effect is indispensable for the reentrant stability beyond the drip line by significantly affecting the structure of single-particle levels around the Fermi energy. The interplay between deformation and pairing effects affects the position where the odd-$N$ nucleus becomes bound in the stability peninsula. By examining the deformation effect at different orders, it is found that quadrupole deformation makes leading contribution to the appearance of stability peninsula and the effects of hexadecapole and hexacontatetrapole deformations are nonnegligible. △ Less

Submitted 8 May, 2024; v1 submitted 2 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024.

Comments: 6 figures

Vector meson production in ultraperipheral heavy ion collisions

Authors: Björn Schenke, Heikki Mäntysaari, Farid Salazar, Chun Shen, Wenbin Zhao

Abstract: We review model calculations of exclusive vector meson production in ultraperipheral heavy ion collisions. We highlight differences and similarities between different dipole models and leading twist shadowing calculations. Recent color glass condensate calculations are presented with focus on effects from nuclear structure and azimuthal anisotropies driven by interference effects. We review model calculations of exclusive vector meson production in ultraperipheral heavy ion collisions. We highlight differences and similarities between different dipole models and leading twist shadowing calculations. Recent color glass condensate calculations are presented with focus on effects from nuclear structure and azimuthal anisotropies driven by interference effects. △ Less

Submitted 16 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024.

Comments: 12 pages, 4 figures, 1st International Workshop on the physics of Ultra Peripheral Collisions (UPC 2023)

Nuclear mass table in deformed relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov theory in continuum, II: Even-$Z$ nuclei

Authors: DRHBc Mass Table Collaboration, Peng Guo, Xiaojie Cao, Kangmin Chen, Zhihui Chen, Myung-Ki Cheoun, Yong-Beom Choi, Pak Chung Lam, Wenmin Deng, Jianmin Dong, Pengxiang Du, Xiaokai Du, Kangda Duan, Xiaohua Fan, Wei Gao, Lisheng Geng, Eunja Ha, Xiao-Tao He, Jinniu Hu, Jingke Huang, Kun Huang, Yanan Huang, Zidan Huang, Kim Da Hyung, Hoi Yat Chan , et al. (58 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The mass table in the deformed relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov theory in continuum (DRHBc) with the PC-PK1 density functional has been established for even-$Z$ nuclei with $8\le Z\le120$, extended from the previous work for even-even nuclei [Zhang $\it{et.~al.}$ (DRHBc Mass Table Collaboration), At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 144, 101488 (2022)]. The calculated binding energies, two-nucleon and one-ne… ▽ More The mass table in the deformed relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov theory in continuum (DRHBc) with the PC-PK1 density functional has been established for even-$Z$ nuclei with $8\le Z\le120$, extended from the previous work for even-even nuclei [Zhang $\it{et.~al.}$ (DRHBc Mass Table Collaboration), At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 144, 101488 (2022)]. The calculated binding energies, two-nucleon and one-neutron separation energies, root-mean-square (rms) radii of neutron, proton, matter, and charge distributions, quadrupole deformations, and neutron and proton Fermi surfaces are tabulated and compared with available experimental data. A total of 4829 even-$Z$ nuclei are predicted to be bound, with an rms deviation of 1.477 MeV from the 1244 mass data. Good agreement with the available experimental odd-even mass differences, $α$ decay energies, and charge radii is also achieved. The description accuracy for nuclear masses and nucleon separation energies as well as the prediction for drip lines is compared with the results obtained from other relativistic and nonrelativistic density functional. The comparison shows that the DRHBc theory with PC-PK1 provides an excellent microscopic description for the masses of even-$Z$ nuclei. The systematics of the nucleon separation energies, odd-even mass differences, pairing energies, two-nucleon gaps, $α$ decay energies, rms radii, quadrupole deformations, potential energy curves, neutron density distributions, and neutron mean-field potentials are discussed. △ Less

Submitted 10 June, 2024; v1 submitted 5 February, 2024; originally announced February 2024.

Comments: 394 pages, 17 figures, 2 tables, published in Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, data file in the TXT form is available for download under "Ancillary files"

Journal ref: Peng Guo, et. al. (DRHBc Mass Table Collaboration), Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables 158 (2024) 101661

Photon-triggered jets as probes of multi-stage jet modification

Authors: C. Sirimanna, Y. Tachibana, A. Angerami, R. Arora, S. A. Bass, S. Cao, Y. Chen, L. Du, R. Ehlers, H. Elfner, W. Fan, R. J. Fries, C. Gale, Y. He, U. Heinz, B. V. Jacak, P. M. Jacobs, S. Jeon, Y. Ji, L. Kasper, M. Kordell II, A. Kumar, R. Kunnawalkam-Elayavalli, J. Latessa, S. Lee , et al. (28 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Prompt photons are created in the early stages of heavy ion collisions and traverse the QGP medium without any interaction. Therefore, photon-triggered jets can be used to study the jet quenching in the QGP medium. In this work, photon-triggered jets are studied through different jet and jet substructure observables for different collision systems and energies using the JETSCAPE framework. Since t… ▽ More Prompt photons are created in the early stages of heavy ion collisions and traverse the QGP medium without any interaction. Therefore, photon-triggered jets can be used to study the jet quenching in the QGP medium. In this work, photon-triggered jets are studied through different jet and jet substructure observables for different collision systems and energies using the JETSCAPE framework. Since the multistage evolution used in the JETSCAPE framework is adequate to describe a wide range of experimental observables simultaneously using the same parameter tune, we use the same parameters tuned for jet and leading hadron studies. The same isolation criteria used in the experimental analysis are used to identify prompt photons for better comparison. For the first time, high-accuracy JETSCAPE results are compared with multi-energy LHC and RHIC measurements to better understand the deviations observed in prior studies. This study highlights the importance of multistage evolution for the simultaneous description of experimental observables through different collision systems and energies using a single parameter tune. △ Less

Submitted 30 January, 2024; originally announced January 2024.

Comments: 4 pages, 5 figures. Proceedings of Quark Matter 2023 - XXXth International Conference on Ultra-relativistic Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions, Houston, TX, 3-9 September 2023

Progress and Challenges in Small Systems

Authors: Jorge Noronha, Björn Schenke, Chun Shen, Wenbin Zhao

Abstract: We present a comprehensive review of the theoretical and experimental progress in the investigation of novel high-temperature quantum chromodynamics phenomena in small systems at both the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and the Large Hadron Collider. We highlight the challenges and opportunities associated with studying small systems, by which we generally mean collision systems that involve at le… ▽ More We present a comprehensive review of the theoretical and experimental progress in the investigation of novel high-temperature quantum chromodynamics phenomena in small systems at both the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and the Large Hadron Collider. We highlight the challenges and opportunities associated with studying small systems, by which we generally mean collision systems that involve at least one light ion or even a photon projectile. We discuss perspectives on possible future research directions to better understand the underlying physics at work in the collisions of small systems. △ Less

Submitted 11 June, 2024; v1 submitted 17 January, 2024; originally announced January 2024.

Comments: 62 pages; 9 figures; Contribution to Quark-Gluon Plasma 6 edited by Xin-Nian Wang; v2 matched to the publish version

Measuring jet quenching with a Bayesian inference analysis of hadron and jet data by JETSCAPE

Authors: R. Ehlers, A. Angerami, R. Arora, S. A. Bass, S. Cao, Y. Chen, L. Du, H. Elfner, W. Fan, R. J. Fries, C. Gale, Y. He, U. Heinz, B. V. Jacak, P. M. Jacobs, S. Jeon, Y. Ji, L. Kasper, M. Kordell II, A. Kumar, R. Kunnawalkam-Elayavalli, J. Latessa, S. Lee, Y. -J. Lee, D. Liyanage , et al. (28 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The JETSCAPE Collaboration reports the first multi-messenger study of the QGP jet transport parameter $\hat{q}$ using Bayesian inference, incorporating all available hadron and jet inclusive yield and jet substructure data from RHIC and the LHC. The theoretical model utilizes virtuality-dependent in-medium partonic energy loss coupled to a detailed dynamical model of QGP evolution. Tension is obse… ▽ More The JETSCAPE Collaboration reports the first multi-messenger study of the QGP jet transport parameter $\hat{q}$ using Bayesian inference, incorporating all available hadron and jet inclusive yield and jet substructure data from RHIC and the LHC. The theoretical model utilizes virtuality-dependent in-medium partonic energy loss coupled to a detailed dynamical model of QGP evolution. Tension is observed when constraining $\hat{q}$ for different kinematic cuts of the inclusive hadron data. The addition of substructure data is shown to improve the constraint on $\hat{q}$, without inducing tension with the constraint due to inclusive observables. These studies provide new insight into the mechanisms of jet interactions in matter, and point to next steps in the field for comprehensive understanding of jet quenching as a probe of the QGP. △ Less

Submitted 8 January, 2024; originally announced January 2024.

Comments: 4 pages, 2 figures. Proceedings of Quark Matter 2023 - XXXth International Conference on Ultra-relativistic Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions, Houston, TX, 3-9 September 2023

3D Multi-system Bayesian Calibration with Energy Conservation to Study Rapidity-dependent Dynamics of Nuclear Collisions

Authors: Andi Mankolli, Aaron Angerami, Ritu Arora, Steffen Bass, Shanshan Cao, Yi Chen, Lipei Du, Raymond Ehlers, Hannah Elfner, Wenkai Fan, Rainer J. Fries, Charles Gale, Yayun He, Ulrich Heinz, Barbara Jacak, Peter Jacobs, Sangyong Jeon, Yi Ji, Lauren Kasper, Michael Kordell II, Amit Kumar, R. Kunnawalkam-Elayavalli, Joseph Latessa, Sook H. Lee, Yen-Jie Lee , et al. (26 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Considerable information about the early-stage dynamics of heavy-ion collisions is encoded in the rapidity dependence of measurements. To leverage the large amount of experimental data, we perform a systematic analysis using three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of multiple collision systems -- large and small, symmetric and asymmetric. Specifically, we perform fully 3D multi-stage hydrodynam… ▽ More Considerable information about the early-stage dynamics of heavy-ion collisions is encoded in the rapidity dependence of measurements. To leverage the large amount of experimental data, we perform a systematic analysis using three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of multiple collision systems -- large and small, symmetric and asymmetric. Specifically, we perform fully 3D multi-stage hydrodynamic simulations initialized by a parameterized model for rapidity-dependent energy deposition, which we calibrate on the hadron multiplicity and anisotropic flow coefficients. We utilize Bayesian inference to constrain properties of the early- and late- time dynamics of the system, and highlight the impact of enforcing global energy conservation in our 3D model. △ Less

Submitted 31 December, 2023; originally announced January 2024.

The role of longitudinal decorrelations for measurements of anisotropic flow in small collision systems

Authors: Sangwook Ryu, Bjoern Schenke, Chun Shen, Wenbin Zhao

Abstract: Within a (3+1)D viscous hydrodynamic model we compute anisotropic flow in small system collisions as performed at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and measured by the STAR and PHENIX Collaborations. We emphasize the importance of the rapidity dependence of the geometry for interpreting the differences encountered in measurements by the two collaborations. Within a (3+1)D viscous hydrodynamic model we compute anisotropic flow in small system collisions as performed at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and measured by the STAR and PHENIX Collaborations. We emphasize the importance of the rapidity dependence of the geometry for interpreting the differences encountered in measurements by the two collaborations. △ Less

Submitted 19 December, 2023; originally announced December 2023.

Comments: 4 pages; 2 figures; Conference proceedings for Quark Matter 2023, Sept 2023, Houston, Texas, USA